-••"T-ffi^fffi-Vn-.y"^,-^-  -ir 


LIBRARY 


i 


i 


XT  be  TUniversiti?  ot  Cbtcaao 

FOUNDED  BY  JOHN   D.   KOCKEFELLER 


A  STUDY  OF  THE  TEMPLE  DOCU- 
MENTS FROM  THE  CASSITE 
PERIOD 


A  DISSERTATION 

SUBMITTED   TO    THE    FACULTY    OF   THE    GRADUATE    SCHOOL  OF   ARTS 

AND    LITERATURE    IN    CANDIDACY    FOR    THE    DEGREE 

OF    DOCTOR    OF   PHILOSOPHY 

(department  of  semitics) 


BY 

DANIEL  DAVID  LUCKENBILL 


Reprinted  from 
The  American  Journal  of  Semitic  Languages,  Vol.  XXIII,  No.  4,  July,  1907 

Chicago,  1907 


Zbc  'Clniversity  ot  Cblcaao 

FOUNDED    1!Y   JOHN    D.    ROCICEFELLEK 


A  STUDY  OF  THE  TEMPLE  DOCU 

MENTS  FROM  THE  CASSITE 

PERIOD 


A  DISSERTATION 

SUBMITTED    TO    THE    FACULTY    OF    THE    GRADUATE    SCHOOL   OF    ARTS 

AND    LITERATURE    IN    CANDIDACY    FOR    THE    DEGREE 

OF    DOCTOR    OF    PHILOSOPHY 

(department  of  SEMITICS) 


BY 

DANIEL  DAVID  LUCKENBILL 


Reprinted  from 
The  American  Journal  of  Semitic  Languages,  Vol.  XXIII,  No.  4,  July,   1907 

Chicago,  1907 


\     V 


Composed  and  Printed  By 

The  University  of  Chicago  Press 

Chicago^  Illinois,  U.  S.  A. 


o/ 


TO 
MY  PARENTS 


1G52G7 


LIST  OF  ABBREVIATIONS  AND  BOOKS  QUOTED 

ASC= Stevenson,  Assyrian  and  Babylonian  Contracts. 

ADB=Johns,  Assyrian  Doomsday  Book. 

ADD— iohwfi,  Assyrian  Deeds  and  Documents. 

BA=Beitrage  zur  Assyriologie. 

BBR—TAvnmexn,  Beitrdge  zur  Kenntnis  der  babylonischen  Religion. 

i?£'= Babylonian  Expedition  of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania. 

VI,  1,  Ranke,  Legal  and  Business  Documents  from  the  Time 

of  the  First  Dy)iasty  of  Babylon. 

X,  Clay,  Business  Documents  of  MurasIX  Sons  of  Nippur. 

XIV,  XV,  Clay,  Documents  from  the  Temple  Archives  of  Nip- 
pur. 

XX,  Hilprecht,   Mathematical,  etc.,    Texts  from  the  Temple 

Library  of  Nippur. 

Breasted,  A  History  of  Egypt. 

£r=:Biuunow,  A  Classified  List. 

BR—Koh.\ev  und  Peiser,  Aus  dem  babylonischen  Rechtsleben. 

Cff=lS..  F.  Hai-per,  The  Code  of  ffammurabi. 

Clay,  Light  on  the  Old  Testament  from  Babel. 

Cr=  King  and  Thompson,  Cuneiform  Texts  from  the  British 
Museum. 

Z)Ai7=Mus8-Arnolt,  Dictionary  of  the  Assyrian  Language. 

-DAi? =Daiches,  Altbabylonische  Rechtsurkunden. 

i)(?"=Delitzsch,  Assyrische  Grammatik  (zweite  Auflage). 

Godbey,  Officials  of  the  Sargonid  Period. 

Hommel,  Geographic. 

Hunger,  Becherwahrsagung. 

mrJ5=DeIitzsch,  Assyrisches  Handicorterbuch. 

iL£=Schrader,  Keilinschriftliche  Bibliothek. 

LI ff —King,  Letters  and  Inscriptions  of  Hammurabi. 

i¥YLP=Meissner,  Beitrdge  zum  altbabylonischen  Privatrecht. 

Meissner,  Supplement. 

Meyer,  Sumerier  und  Semiten. 

MVAG=Mittheiliingen  der  vorder-asiatischen  Gesellschaft. 

Myhrman,  Die  Labartu-Texte  (ZA,  XVI). 

0£/=  Hilprecht,  Old  Babylonian  Inscriptions. 

Strassmaier,   Inschriften  von  Cyrus. 

Inschriften  von  Nabuchodonosor. 

Tallquist,  Die  Sprache  der  Contracte  Nabfindids. 

MaklH. 

Thompson,  Devils  and  Evil  Spirits. 

rt/^Reisner,  Tempel  Urkunden  aus  Telloh. 

ZA=Zeitschrift  filr  Assyriologie. 

ZK=Zeitschrift  fur  Keilschriftforschung. 


[Reprinted  from  The  American  Journal  of  Semitic  Languages  and  Litera- 
tures, Vol.  XXIII,  July  1907.] 


A  STUDY  OF  THE  TEMPLE   DOCUMENTS  FROM  THE 

CASSITE  PERIOD* 

E-KUR  of   Nippur   was  one   of   the   oldest  and  most   famous 

temples  of  Babylonia.    When  the  poet  wished  to  impress  upon  the 

mind  of  his  hearer  the  great  antiquity  of  the  world,  he  spoke  of 

the  creation  and  what  went  before  as  of  the  time  when 

Nippur  had  not  been  built,  e-kdr  had  not  been  erected; 
Erech  had  not  been  built,  e-anna  had  not  been  erected. 

The  fact  that  the  name  of  this  temple  became  the  ordinary  term 
for  temple  is  significant.  It  is  not  possible,  however,  to  conclude 
from  this  that  e-kur  was  the  oldest  sanctuary  in  Babylonia. f  In 
fact,  it  is  always  dangerous  to  be  speculating  about  "the  oldest" 
in  history.  Edward  Meyer  ;|;  has  drawn  a  more  plausible  con- 
clusion, namely,  that  e-kur,  as  its  name  "mountain-house"  indi- 
cates, was  the  first  ziggu  rat -temple,  and  became  the  type  after 
which  the  other  temples  were  modeled. 

It  is  not  necessary  here  to  go  into  the  history  of  Nippur  and 
E-KUR.  For  this,  cf.  Hommel,  Geographie,  pp.  348  f.  If  Nippur 
ever  did  play  an  important  part  politically,  it  was  before  the  time 
of  Hammurabi.  The  period  from  which  the  documents  under  dis- 
cussion come  lies  more  than  half  a  millennium  after  this  time.  If 
we  start  with  555  b.  c,  the  date  of  Nabuna  id,  and  add  to  this  date 
800  years,  we  get  1355  b.  c.  as  the  date  of  Sagarakti-Surias. 
Adding  to  this  a  minimum  of  103  years  (Burna-Burias  25,  Kuri- 
galzu  23,  Nazimaruttas  24,  Kadasman-Turgu  16,  Kadasman-B6l  9), 
we  get  1458  b.  o.  as  the  date  of  Burna-Burias  (II),  the  contem- 
porary of  Amenophis  IV.  But  the  date  of  Amenophis  IV  has 
been  fixed  at  1375-1350  b.  c.**  Historians  have  given  up  the 
attempt  to  use  the  dates  furnished  by  Nabuna'id.  Here  we  have 
another  instance  where  the  date  he  has  given  us  cannot  be  recon- 

•The  documents  discussed  are  found  in  Documents  from  the  Temple  Archives  of  Nippur, 
Vols.  XIV  and  XV  of  The  Babylonian  Expedition  of  the  University  of  Pennsylvariia,  by 
A.T.Clay. 

tCf.  Hilprecht,  BE,  XX,  Part  1.  p.  vii  and  elsewhere. 

tSumerier  und  Semiten  in  Babylonien,  pp.  32  f.  ^ 

♦♦Cf.  Breasted,  Ancient  Records,  I,  p.  43. 

7 


8  Temple  Documents  from  the  Cassite  Period 

ciled  with  the  dates  obtained  from  other  sources.*  Taking  the 
date  of  Amenophis  IV  as  our  starting-point,  we  may  date  these 
documents  c.  1375-1250  b,  g. 

For  the  length  of  the  reigns,  and  the  order  of  succession  of 
the  Cassite  kings  mentioned  in  these  documents,  see  Clay,  TAN, 
XIV,  p.  3.f  Clay,  TAN,  XIV,  39,  mentions  Kurigalzu,  the  son 
of  Kadasman-^arbe,  and  Nazimaruttas,  the  son  of  Kurigalzu. 
From  the  "Synchronous  History"  (cf.  KB,  I,  p.  197)  we  get  the 
order:  Burna-Burias;  the  "young"  (sihru)  Kurigalzu,  his  son; 
Nazimaruttas,  father  not  mentioned.  Weissbach  [Babylonische 
Miscellen,  pp.  5  f.)  tries  to  locate  Kurigalzu,  the  son  of  Kadas- 
man-5arbe,  in  the  Third  Dynasty,  by  identifying  Kadasman- 
3arbe  and  Kadasman-Bel  (Kallima-Sin),  not  accepting  the 
identification  of  Kurigalzu,  son  of  Kadasman-JJarbe,  with  the 
"young"  Kurigalzu.  But  there  is  no  ground  for  making  Kadas- 
man-5arbe  identical  with  Kadasman-Bel.  Hilprecht  {BE,  XX, 
Part  1,  p.  52)  makes  the  Kurigalzu  of  these  texts  the  son  of 
Burna-Burias,  but  fails  to  assign  any  reasons.  It  may  be  merely 
by  chance  that  none  of  the  persons  mentioned  in  the  documents 
dated  in  the  reign  of  Burna-Burias  are  mentioned  in  those  dated 
in  the  reign  of  Kurigalzu;  but  this  fact,  in  connection  with  what 
follows,  is  significant. 

In  the  document  mentioned  above,  XIV,  39,  one  of  the  wit- 
nesses, Ekur-nadin-sum,  testifies  that  Ninib-nadin-aljbi  gave 
certain  lands  to  his  father;  that  his  family  held  the  land  "from 
the  time  of  Kurigalzu,  the  son  of  Kadasman-^arbe,  to  the  time 
of  Nazimaruttas,  the  son  of  Kurigalzu."  Now,  this  Ninib-nadin- 
ahbi  appears  as  the  next  witness.  It  is  therefore  extremely 
probable  that  the  reigns  here  referred  to  are  consecutive.  This 
will  not  allow  the  identification  of  the  young  (sihi'u)  Kurigalzu, 
son  of  Burna-Burias,  of  the  "Synchronous  History,"  with  the 
Kurigalzu  of  these  documents,  unless,  as  is  possible,  the  author  of 
the  "Synchronous  History"  was  mistaken  in  calling  Kurigalzu 
the  son  of  Burna-Burias.  The  contemporary  evidence  of  these 
documents  is  of  greater  value  for  us  than  that  of  the  later 
"Synchronous  History."  The  Kurigalzu  of  these  documents  is  not 
the  son  of  Burna-Burias,  and  their  reigns  are  perhaps  to  be 
separated  by  a  considerable  number  of  years. 

*Cf.  Meyer,  op.  cit.,  p.  10. 

fThe  length  of  the  reign  of  Sagarakti-SuriaS  should  be  12  instead  of  22  years;  see  the 
date  of  XIV,  139. 


Temple  Documents  from  the  Cassite  Period  9 

Just  what  were  the  means  employed  by  the  Cassite  kings  to 
keep  in  touch  with  Nippur  and  its  temple  is  not  clear.  Perhaps 
we  have  in  Innannu,  Martuku,  and  others  the  civil  officials  of 
Nip})ur,  to  be  compared  with  Sin-Iddinam  of  the  IJammurabi 
Dynasty  (cf.  King,  LIH).  No  title  was  ever  given  this  official 
in  the  letters  he  received  from  5ammurabi,  but  from  the  contents 
of  these  letters  Mr.  King  drew  the  conclusion,  doubtless  correct, 
that  he  was  a  powerful  official  with  a  large  circuit.  The  fact  that 
some  of  the  payments  made  to  Innannu  were  made  at  places  other 
than  Nippur  tends  to  strengthen  the  comparison  with  Sin-Iddinam. 
The  kassu  (see  p.  31)  were  perhaps  the  officials  who  looked  after 
the  king's  interests  in  the  flocks  and  herds  connected  with  the 
temple.  The  other  officials  will  be  discussed  as  they  occur  in  the 
texts.  For  lists  of  officials,  etc.,  cf.  "Names  of  Professions,  etc.," 
in  the  introductions  to  the  two  volumes. 

The  large  flocks  and  herds  belonging  to  the  high -priestess  and 
inferior  priestesses  indicate  that  these  were  important  ecclesiastical 
personages.*  The  kings  of  Assyria  and  Babylonia  frequently 
called  themselves  the  high-priests,  sangti  rabu,  of  the  god. 
Doubtless  they  did  in  some  instances  perform  the  functions  of 
high -priest,  but  in  most  cases  the  title  meant  perhaps  as  much 
as  the  title  "Defender  of  the  Faith"  of  English  sovereigns. 
The  baru,  asipu,  and  zammeru  priests  are  mentioned  in 
these  texts,  but  no  sangti.  Perhaps  the  kings  themselves  held 
this  office. 

These  documents  represent  the  highest  development  in  Baby- 
lonian bookkeeping.  In  the  Tempel-Urkunden  published  by 
Reisner  we  have  good  examples  of  the  bookkeeping  of  the  old 
period.  When  the  temple  gave  out  grain,  cattle,  etc.,  for  farming, 
the  scribe  wrote  down  the  amount  and  kind  of  grain,  or  the  num- 
ber of  cattle,  and  put  under  this  the  name  of  the  recipient.  A 
number  of  such  entries  were  written  one  after  the  other  in  columns 
which  usually  covered  the  obverse  of  the  tablet.  On  the  reverse 
were  such  entries  as  would  not  go  on  the  obverse,  and  the  totals. 
The  whole  document  may  be  compared  with  a  few  pages  from  a 
daybook  combined  with  one  from  the  ledger.  The  system  was 
crude,  and  the  scribe  was  no  doubt  compelled  to  use  other  tablets 
to  put  down  his  figures  to  find  his  totals.  The  scribe  of  the 
Cassite   period  had  a  much   simpler  way  of   recording  business 

♦For  the  laws  concerning  priestesses,  cf.  R.  F.  Harper,  C0,  Index,  under  "  Devotee." 


10  Temple  Documents  from  the  Oassite  Period 

transactions.  He  would  have  treated  the  business  described  above 
in  this  way:  A  large  clay  tablet  would  have  been  taken,  a  general 
heading  written  at  the  top,  and  columns  ruled  ofiP.  The  columns 
would  have  been  headed  with  the  names  of  the  grain  or  cattle; 
under  these  headings  would  appear  the  amounts  received.  In  the 
last  column  on  the  right,  headed  "name-list,"  would  be  put  the 
names  of  the  recipients,  and  in  the  column  immediately  before 
this  the  total  amount  received  by  each  person.  Finally,  at  the 
bottom  of  the  tablet  the  scribe  would  have  put  the  totals  of  the 
different  kinds  of  grain  or  cattle.  (See  below,  p.  27,  "The  Flocks 
and  Herds  of  the  Temple.")  The  pay-rolls  (see  below)  furnish  us 
other  good  examples  of  accuracy  and  simplicity  in  bookkeeping. 
The  notes  which  the  scribe  added  to  such  lists  and  rolls  are  full 
of  difficulties  for  us,  but  they  were  quite  clear  to  the  bookkeeper 
of  that  age.  In  "receipts"  the  word  "received"  is  frequently 
omitted.  Again,  in  lists  of  payments  it  is  frequently  not  possible 
to  decide  whether  the  payments  are  to  or  by  the  temple.  The 
system  of  "check-marks"  (cf.  p.  16  of  the  Introduction  to  Vol. 
XIV)  helps  us  to  determine  this,  but  where  these  check-marks  do 
not  occur  we  jare  compelled  to  look  for  other  evidence.  This 
appears  at  times  as  imhur,  "received,"  placed  after  one  or  more 
names  in  the  list.  For  example,  XV,  4,  is  called  a  record  of  pay- 
ment of  salaries  by  Clay  on  p.  57.  But  this  may  equally  well 
refer  to  grain,  wine,  etc.,  paid  to  the  temple  as  tax;  cf.  also  XV, 
74,  below,  p.  39.  Attention  will  be  called  to  similar  texts 
when  they  are  discussed.  Clay,  TAN,  XIV,  136,  is  interesting. 
It  is  a  record  of  balances  due.  The  ideogram  ib-kid  (see  p.  23) 
is  used  to  designate  the  remainder,  or  balance  due.  In  XIV,  136, 
the  word  is  rib^-nu.     lal-ni  (?)  has  a  similar  meaning. 

How  exactly  the  account  of  all  the  property  of  the  temple  was 
kept  is  seen  from  XIV,  108a,  "1  pi  of  corn  of  the  x  ka  tax,  which 
Istar-riat  stole." 

The  documents  will  be  discussed  under  the  following  heads: 
I,  "The  Legal  Documents;"  II,  "The  Property  and  Income  of 
the  Temple;"  III,  "The  Disbursements  of  the  Temple;"  IV, 
"Miscellaneous  Documents." 

I.       THE    legal    documents 

For  the  nature  of  these  documents  and  their  relation  to  the 
archives  of  the  temple  see  Clay,  TAN,  XIV,  p.  2. 


Temple  Documents  from  the  Cassite  Period  11 

1.  Adoption.— C\aj,  TAN,  XIV,  40:  For  a  translation  of 
this  document  see  Ungnad  in  OLZ,  October,  1906.* 

On  adoption,  cf.  MAF,  nos.  93-99;  and  Ranke,  BE,  VI,  1, 
pp.  27  f.  On  p.  15,  Ranke  gives  a  list  of  the  adoption  documents 
of  the  Hammurabi  Dynasty,  published  in  CT. 

L.  4  =  a-na  ma-ru-ti  ilki;  cf.  MAP,  no.  95,  5.  For  su-ba- 
AN-Ti  =  ilteki,  cf.  ibid.,  p.  101.  L.  5:  Ranke  [op.  cit.,  p.  29) 
calls  attention  to  the  fact  that  "the  adopted  ones  are  slaves."  In 
this  document  we  seem  to  have  a  reference  to  the  purchase  of  the 
adopted  girl,  the  seven  shekels  of  gold  being  the  purchase  price; 
cf.  no.  7  below,  where  a  number  of  men  and  women,  and  a  child, 
are  sold,  the  price  of  the  men  being  ten  shekels  of  gold,  that  of 
the  women  seven,  and  that  of  the  child  three.  LI.  6,  7:   If 

mutim  were  not  written  with  mimmation,  one  would  be  tempted 
to  read  muti[sa]  and  refer  to  CH,  §§  144,  146.  Read  barimuta, 
as  suggested  by  Professor  R.   Campbell   Thompson.  L.    12: 

Palabu,  "fear,  respect,  obey;"  cf.  Prince,  Daniel,  p.  215.  L.  15: 
Here  we  have  the  motive  for  the  adoption.  As  in  the  case  of  other 
peoples,  the  Egyptians  and  Greeks  for  example,  the  Babylonian 
made  provision  for  the  hereafter.  His  children  would  perform 
the  necessary  funeral  rites,  and  make  the  customary  offerings  to 
or  for  the  dead.  If  he  had  no  children,  he  legally  adopted  one 
or  more;  cf.  ZA,  XVI,  p.  178, 11.  24,  25.  LI.  16-20:  The  usual 
formula  used  in  adoption ;  cf.  the  cases  in  MAP  and  Ranke,  BE; 
cf.  further  §§  185-93  in  Code  of  Hammurabi.  A-mu-ut-sa. 
This  determines  the  reading  of  the  abstract  noun  from  amtu, 
"maid-servant."  It  occurs  in  Sir.  Cyr.,  307,  9,  as  AMAT-ii-tu, 
and  is  usually  read  amtutu;  cf.  Muss-Arnolt,  DAL,  and  Delitzsch, 
HWB.  Delitzsch  reads  it  so  with  a  question  mark.  In  11.  8  and 
9  above  we  have  AMAT-sa,  which  I  have  transliterated  as  amCitsa. 
L.  24:  UR-BI  =  mit|jaris,  "together,  tlbereinstimmend."  in-pA- 
NE-ES=itmu;  written  in-pad-de-mes,  CT,  II,  40,  Bit.  91-5-9, 
368;  iN-PAD-DE-ES,  CT,  VI,  46,  Bu.  91-5-9,  2477  A;  in-pad,  CT, 
IV,  49,  Bu.  88-5-12,  721;  it-mu-u,  CT,  VI,  49,  Bu.  91-5-9, 
2518,  and  CT,  VIII,  45,  Bu.  91-5-9,  2173;  cf.  DAR,  nos.  18,  21. 

B6l,  Ninib,  and  Nusku,  the  patron  gods  of  Nippur,  are  regu- 
larly invoked  in  the  oath  of  these  documents.  In  the  documents 
from  Sippar  the  gods  invoked  are  Samas,  Aa,  and  Marduk;  cf. 

♦  My  translation,  which  agrees  in  practically  every  respect  with  that  of  Uuguad,  was 
made  a  year  ago.    I  have  concluded  that  it  is  not  necessary  to  add  it  here. 


12  Temple  Documents  from  the  Cassite  Period 

Ranke,  BE,  YI,  1.  In  OBI  we  have  votive  inscriptions  of  the 
kings  of  the  Cassite  Dynasty.  No.  62:  "To  Bel,  his  lord,  Kadas- 
man-Turgu  presented  (this)  for  his  life."  No.  61:  "For  Ninib, 
his  lord,  Kadasman-Turgu,  the  son  of  Nazimaruttas,  made  this 
bright  lapislazuli  disk,  and  presented  it  for  his  life."  No.  58: 
An  inscription,  similar  to  no.  61,  to  Nusku,  by  Nazimaruttas,  the 
son  of  Kurigalzii. 

The  name  Ina-Uruk-risat  should  perhaps  be  read  Ina-Uruk- 
rimat.  I  follow  Clay's  readings  of  the  proper  names,  except  where 
changes  are  necessary. 

2.  Slavery.  — On  slavery  cf.  31  AP,  pp.  6  f . ;  DAE,  pp.  8  f.; 
Ranke,  BE,  VI,  1,  pp.  14,  19;  Kohler  and  Peiser,  BR,  I;  Johns, 
ADD,  III,  cap.  vii;  E.  T.  Kretschmann,  TJie  Slave  Trade  in  the 
Time  of  Nahonidus  (an  unpublished  thesis  in  the  Library  of  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania).* 

The  statement  made  by  Meissner  and  Daiches  that  the  number 
of  slaves  in  ancient  Babylonia  was  not  large,  needs  modification. 
Meissner  draws  this  conclusion  from  the  fact  that  relatively  few 
slave-contracts  have  come  down  to  us.  This  cannot  decide  the 
question.  We  do  not  have  very  many  dowry  documents,  and  yet 
we  do  not  conclude  that  there  were  few  marriages  in  Babylonia. 
The  numerous  laws  referring  to  slavery  in  the  Code  of  Hammurahi 
(cf.  "Index  of  Subjects,"  "Maidservant"  and  "Slave")  would 
argue  for  the  opposite.  It  is  probable  that  in  Babylonia,  as  in 
Egypt,  a  large  portion  of  the  population  were  slaves,  or,  better, 
serfs  attached  to  the  soil.  We  have  no  means  of  determining  their 
number.  In  Egypt,  in  the  time  of  Ramses  III  (1198-1167  B.C.) 
the  temples  owned  107,000  slaves — that  is,  one  person  to  every 
fifty  to  eighty  of  the  entire  population;  cf.  Breasted,  History  of 
Egypt,  p.  491.  It  is  not  probable  that  conditions  in  ancient 
Babylonia  were  any  better  than  in  later  Babylonia,  when  the 
number  of  slaves  or  serfs  was  certainly  large.  In  the  documents 
published  by  Clay,  Murasu,  X,  the  overseers  (Ijatri)  of  different 
classes  of  serfs  are  frequently  mentioned.  Most  of  these  serfs,  as 
their  names  indicate,  were  foreigners.  They  were,  doubtless,  the 
captives  or  descendants  of  the  captives  taken  in  the  campaigns  of 
the  Babylonian  kings.  That  similar  conditions  existed  as  early 
as  the  5ammurabi  Dynasty  is  shown  by  King  [LIH,  III,  p.  Ill), 

*An  interesting  parallel  to  the  Babylonian  slave-contracts  is  found  on  p.  47,  K,  of  the 
A7-amaic  Papyri  Discovered  at  Assuan,  edited  by  Sayce  and  Cowley. 


Temple  Documents  from  the  Cassite  Period  13 

who  calls  attention  to  "the  public  slaves,  whose  ranks  were  supplied 
from  prisoners  of  war,  and  also  probably  from  men  of  the  native 
population  who  had  been  condemned  to  various  periods  of  hard 
labor  in  the  king's  service."  The  Code  of  Haiinnurahi,  §  117, 
shows  us  another  way  in  which  undoubtedly  many  persons  were 
reduced  to  temporary  slavery. 
Clay,  TAN,  XIV,  2: 

Transliteration:  '™Tu-kul-ti-<iNiN-iB.  -'"Al-si-su-ab-lu-ut.  ^'"Ki- 
di-in-ciGu-l;i.  ^'I-la-nu-u-tum  ama-a-ni-mes.  *'Be-el-tu-tuin  assat 
™Al-si-is-ab-lu-ut.  *V  nam-muld-gisqal.  'ardu  sa  '"'^BSl-ki-di-ni. 
*i-ua  bit  ™tiBel-kid-i-ni  ka-lu-ma.  '■""^'^NiN-iB-ba-ni  mar  ">Ilu-ip-i^a-as-ra. 
'"u  ""Ba-il-'^Nabft   ses-a-ni.  "a-na  su-hI-I  nam-mdlu-gisgal.  '''sa 

™<^Bel-ki-di-ni  iz-zi-zu.  '^u  a-ka-an-ua  ik-bu-u.  '* nam-mdlu-gisgal 
li-si  li-ru-ub.  '^a-na  ba-la-ki  pu-ut-ni.  '®ni-te-mi-id  ....  '^nam- 
MULU-GiSGAL  lu  i-hal-li-[i  k]  '^  .  .  .  NAM-MULU-GisGAL  '*....  a-na 
™dBel-ki-di-ui.     '-'"[i-nam-]  din.     [Witnesses,  date  and  seals]. 

Translation:  Tukidti-Ninib,  Alsisu-ablut,  Kidin-Gula,  Ilantltum, 
their  mother,  Beltutuni,  the  wife  of  Alsis-ablut;  five  persons,  the  servants 
of  BSl-kidiui,  were  held  in  the  house  of  Bel-kidini,  and  Niuib-banl,  sou  of 
Ilu-ippasra,  and  Ba'il-Nabft,  his  brother,  have  proposed  to  bring  forth 
(hire)  the  slaves  of  Bel-kidini  and  have  spoken  as  follows:  "Let  them 
come  forth,  let  them  enter  (our  service).  We  will  be  responsible  ( ?)  that 
they  do  not  escape  from  us.  If  a  person  (one)  is  lost,  or  ....  ,  recom- 
pense shall  be  made  to  B6l-kidini." 

Owing  to  the  condition  of  the  text  the  translation  of  11.  16  f.  is 
conjectural.  L.  7:  ardu,  singular  appositive;   cf.  DO^,  ^167. 

BSl-kidini,  a  slave-dealer;  cf.  XIV,  1,  7,  8.  kalti  ;  note  a  differ- 
ent meaning  in  CH,  VIII,  71.  For  the  ideogram  nam-mulu- 
GISGAL,  Clay,  TAN,  XIV,  IGG,  is  interesting: 

Beltum,  one  of  her  sous,  two  of  her  daughters,  total  IV  (written  III 
by  mistake)  persons  (gisgal)  belonging  to  Marattae;  Kidiu-Niuib,  son  of 
Attabuni,  four  of  his  brothers,  five  of  his  sisters,  total  X  persons  (gisgal) 
belonging  to  Kidin-Marduk;  Bunna-Marduk,  son  of  ...  .  bauti,  Raba- 
sa-Gula,  his  brother,  the  daughter  of  Bana-sa-Marduk,  one  of  her  sons, 
total  IV  persons  (gisgal)  belonging  to  Mar-IJiluui;  Dilbat-baui,  four  of 
his  sisters,  total  V  persons  (gisgal)  hurat  (cf.  Muss-Aniolt,  DAL,  p.  812) 
of  Belaui;  the  daughter  of  Gubbuhi,  one  of  her  daughters,  total  II  per- 
sons (gisgal)  ditto;  ....  etum,  ....  rika,  his  brother,  total  II  in  the 
power  of  (ina  lit)  Idin-Nergal;  grand  total  XXVI  persons,  (nam-mdld- 
qisqal)  in  the  city  IJal(?). 

Clay,  TAN,  XIV,  7: 

Transliteration:  'kal  •»  I-ba-as-si-ilu  slinu  10  siklu  hurasi.  ''kal 
™  E-la-mu-u  simu  10  siklu  ^urSsi.        ^sal  Bur-bu-ru-uk-tum  simu  7  siklu 


14  Temple  Documents  from  the  Cassite  Period 

burSsi.  ''sALdSin-a-bu-sa  simu  7  siklu  ^urasi.  ^sal  Si-i-kab-ta-at 
simu  7  siklu  burasi.  "  sal  Nu-hi-ma-tum  simu  7  siklu  hui-asi.  '  sal 
Ti-pa-ar-sa-nam-rat  simu  7  siklu  ^lu-asi.  *  tor-sal-gab  I-na-Ni-si-in-ra- 
bat  simu  3  siklu  bui'asi.  ^nap^aru  VIII  nam-mdld-gisgal  simu  f 
mana  8  siklu  hurasi.  '"  sag-amat-arad-ne-ne  sa  ^  ^  NiN-iB-na-sir.  ''  u 
nidNiN-iB-nadin-sum.  '^itti  ™^NiN-iB-nasir  ™<3NiN-iB-nad.in-sum  mar6 
mAmel^Marduk.  ^^lugal-e-ne-ne.  '^m^iBel-ki-di-ni  mar  ^^^nin-ib- 
nadin-ahe.  ^^in-si-sam    sam-til-la-ne-ne[-sd].  ^^120   se-gub   simu 

.  .  .  .  ''indgin-nadin-abe  mar  ....  ''*5  birum  ....  [simu  x 
siklu  bui"asi].        ^^mUballitsu-^  .  .  .  .       -°5  imerepi  ....  [simu  x  siklu 

biirasi].  ^'^Iz-kur-dNergal  mar  ^  Nur-ili-su  ....  ^^Ibiltu  20  ma- 
na sipatu  simu  5  [siklu  ^urasi].  -^m  Ib-ni-'^  Amurru  mar  ™  ^  Sin-karabi- 
is[mej   ....  '^^napbaru  t   mana    8    siklu    ^urasi    in-na-an[-lal]. 

^^DD-ME-DA  UD-A-GA-Bi-SD  n^  d  NiN-iB-n^sir  mar  ™  Amel-d Marduk.  ^^ses- 
ne-ne  u  tor-ds-ne-ne  a-na  me-a-bi.        -'a-ua  ™I-ba-as-si-ilu  u  tdb-ne-ne 

INIM     ND-MAL-MAL.  ^^INIM     NU-GI-GI-DA-AS     MD    ^  Bel    ^  jjin-ib   d  Nusku. 

^"u   Bur-na-bu-ri-ia-as   lugal-e.  ^"dr-bi    in-pa-ne-es.  [Witnesses, 

date,  and  seals.] 

Translation:  A  man,  Ibassi-ilu,  at  (lit.  price)  10  shekels  of  gold; 
a  man,  Elamu,  at  10  shekels  of  gold;  5  women,  Burburuktum,  Sin-abusa, 
Si-kabtat,  Nubimatum,  Tipai'sa-namrat,  each  at  7  shekels  of  gold;  a  girl, 
an  infant  in  arms,  at  3  shekels  of  gold.  Total  eight  persons,  the  slaves 
of  Ninib-nasir  and  Ninib-nadin-sum,  at  the  price  of  |  of  a  mana  and 
8  shekels  of  gold.  From  Ninib-nasir  and  Ninib-nadin-sum,  sons  of 
Amel-Marduk,  their  master(s),  Bel-kidini,  son  of  Ninib-nadin-ahe,  bought 
(them)  at  their  full  price.  120  gur  of  grain  [at  x  shekels  of  gold]  Sin- 
nadin-ahe,  son  of  ...  .  [paid  (?)];  5  young  oxen  [at  x  shekels  of  gold] 
Uballitsu-Marduk  [son  of  ...  .  paid  (?)];  5  asses  [at  x  shekels  of  gold] 
Izkur-Nergal,  son  of  Ntir-ilisu  [paid  (1)];  1  talent  20  mana  of  wool  at  5 
[shekels  of  gold  (?)]  Ibni-Amurru,  son  of  Siu-karabi-isme  [paid(?)]. 
Total,  i  of  a  mana  8  shekels  of  gold  [they]  paid.  Never  in  future  days 
shall  Ninib-nasir,  son  of  Amel-Marduk,  his  (lit.  their)  brother(s),  or  his 
(lit.  their)  son(s),  for  any  reason  have  any  claim  or  appeal  against  Ibassi- 
ilu  and  his  sons.  By  Bel,  Ninib,  Nusku  and  Burnaburias  the  king  they 
have  taken  oath. 

For  the  price  of  slaves  cf.    XIV,  40,  1.   5,  above.  L.   8: 

marat  irti,  "child  at  the  breast;"  cf.  Ranke,  BE,  p.  28. 
L.  10:  sag-amat-arad(uru)  ;  cf.  King,  LIH,  III,  p.  133.  King 
suggests  that  URU  is  "employed  as  a  general  word  for  slave,  while 
amat  indicates  the  gender."  A  more  probable  explanation  is  that 
it  means  male  and  female  slave,  as  one  word;  cf.  lid-gud,  equal 
to  "cattle."  L.  13:  lugal-e-ne-ne;  cf.  lugal-a-ni-ir,  her  master, 
CT,  II,  25,  Bu.  91-5-9,  331;  BAR,  p.  81;  MAP,  p.  119;  Ranke, 
BE,  p.  19  =  belisu.  In  CT,  VIII,  27,  Bu.  91-5-9,  320,  we 
have  the  parallel  be -el   sag  amtim,  the  master  of    the  slave. 


Temple  Documents  from  the  Cassite  Period  15 

LI.  15  f. :  The  tablet  is  broken,  but  enough  is  left  to  give  us  the 
probable  meaning.  Bel-kidini  is  a  dealer  who  buys  the  slaves 
for  others,  who  pay  the  different  commodities  mentioned. 
L.  25:  The  usual  introductory  term  is  u(d)kur-ku.  Here  we 
have  UD-ME-DA=^matima,  "at  any  time,  whenever,"  and  ud-a- 
GA-Bi  =  umu  arkisu.  The  meaning  is  clearly  the  same  as 
that  of  the  usual  formula,  ses-ne-ne,  tur-ne-ne.  It  is  to  be 
noticed  that  only  one  of  the  owners  of  the  slaves  is  mentioned  in 
the  formula.  Both  are  thought  of,  and  consequently  the  plural 
SES-NE-NE,  etc.  For  the  whole  phrase  we  may  compare,  man-nu 
sa  ina  ur-kis  ina  ma-ti-ma  i-za-ku-pa-a-ni  igarruni 
(u-ni)  lu  nise  an-nu-te  lu-u  aple-su-nu  lu  ah^-su-nu  sa 
itti  ™Lu-ku  u  aple-su  u  ah^-su  di-nu  dababu  ub-ta-u-ni, 
Stevenson,  ABC,  no.  7.  L.  26:  a-na  me-a-bi.  Probably  to 
be  connected  with  ekiam  ;  cf.  DG\  §106,  and  translated  "for  any 
reason." 

Clay,  TAN,  XIV,  1: 

Transliteration:  '[1  si-hi-rum]  d-tu  ™*tKa-ra-du-ni-ia-a-as.  ^[x 
ammatu]  la-an-su.  ^mTak-la-ku-a-na-Ka-mu-ul-la  mu-ni.  *itti  "^A- 
da-gal-pa-an-ili  tamkaru.  ^mar  Babili^^i  sa  Lu-ku-du^i.  *m^Bel- 
ki-di-ni.        "mar  '" d>riN-iB-na-din-ahe.  '*in-si-in-sam.         ®sam-til-la- 

Bi-su.  ^''20  SE-GUB  Gis-BAK  5  ka.  " slmu  5  siklu  hurasi.  '^^I-na- 
E-kur-ra-bi  id-di-in.  ^^dkur-ku  [mulu-mdlu-ra].  ^*inA-da-gal[-pan- 
ili].  '^tur-us[ne-ne  a-na  me-a-]bi.  '*inim   nd[-mal-mal-da?]-es. 

"inim  nu-gi-gi-?-es.  '"mu  <JB6l  [djjiN-iBJ  ^Nusku.         "u  Bur-ra-bu- 

ri-ia-as  lugal.       ^"ur-bi  in-pad-da-e-mes.       [Witnesses,  date,  and  seals]. 

Translation:  One  child  (minor?),  a  native  of  Kardunias,  x  cubits  in 
height(?),  Taklaku-ana-Kamulla  by  name  (his  name),  Bel-kidini,  son  of 
Ninib-nadin-ahe,  bought  at  his  full  price  from  Adagal-pan-ili,  the  mer- 
chant, a  Babylonian  of  the  city  Lukudu.  Ina-Ekur-rabI  paid  20  gdr  of 
grain  of  the  5  ka  tax,  the  equivalent  of  5  shekels  of  gold.  In  the  future, 
man  against  man,  Adagal-pan-ili  or  his  sons,  shall  have  no  claim  nor 
appeal  for  any  reason.    By  B6l,  Ninib,  etc. 

L.  1:  Restored  from  XIV,  128^.  L.  3:  Kamulla;  cf.  Hom- 

mel,  Geographie,  p.  36.  L.  6:  B6l-kidini,  slave-dealer;   cf. 

above;  here  probably  acting  as  agent  for  Ina-Ekur-rabl.  L.  10: 
Gis-BAR  5  ka;  cf.  Clay,  TAN,  XIV,  p.  5.  It  is  hardly  possible  to 
translate  gis-bar  here  as  "tax;"  cf.  below  under  "Taxes,"  p.  21. 
LI.  13  ff.:  cf.  no.  7,  above.  mulu-mulu-ra,  "one  against  the 
other."  Usually  the  parties  included  in  this  term  are  to  be  sup- 
plied from  the  preceding  text ;  here  the  first  party  is  mentioned, 


16  Temple  Documents  from  the  Cassite  Period 

namely,  Adagal-pan-ili  or  bis  sons,  but  the  second  party,  B6l- 
kidini,  is  to  be  supplied. 
Clay,  TAN,  XIV,  128^: 

Transliteration:  '1  ^si-^i-ir-tum  u-to  m*tKa-ra-<iDu-ni-ia-as. 
^^  ammatu    la-an-sa   ^^^Sukal-u-a   mu-un-ne(?).  ^itti   ™Ku-ri-i    mftr 

™Ba-bi-la-a-i.  *SES-A-Ni-sa    u    itti   fAp-pa-ri-ti.  ^AMA-A-Ni-sa    u 

itti    'La-lu-ti.  '^fla-u-tum    mar    °iRaba-sa   ....  ^in-se-sam. 

*a-na    sam-til-la-bi-sd.  ^1  s'lbat  kab-rum    k[i-i]    2    siklu    kaspi. 

10 1  subat  a-di-lum  ki-i  2  siklu  kaspi.  "1  §ubat  cd-dd-tik-ne  ki-i  2  siklu 
kaspi,  ^'^1  subat  ft  ki-i  2  siklu   kaspi.  "6  ka  samnu  ki-i  1  siklu 

kaspi.  '*napharu  9  siklu  kaspi  ^la-u-tum.  ^*a-na  ™Ku-ri-i  u  *Ap- 
pa-ri-ti.  '^'u  ^La-lu-ti  a-na  simi-[sa].  "id-di-[in].         '^fsi-^i-ir- 

tum  ib  .  .  .  .  ^«2  ^si-hi-ri-ti   m[Ku-ri-i]  ....  ^"fla-u-ta  .... 

[Witnesses,  date,  and  seals]. 

Translation:  One  little  girl,  a  native  of  Kardunias,  ^  cubit  in  height 
(her  height),  Sukalua  by  name,  lautum,  daughter  (written  son)  of  Raba- 
sa  .  .  .  .  bought  from  Kuri,  son  of  Babilai,  her  brother,  and  from  Appa- 
riti,  her  mother,  and  from  Laluti.  1  kabrum  garment  at  2  shekels  of 
silver,  1  adilum  garment  at  2  shekels  of  silver,  1  ud-dd-tik-ne  garment 
at  2  shekels  of  silver,  1  ditto  at  2  shekels  of  silver,  6  ka  of  oil  at  1  shekel 
of  silver;  total  9  shekels  of  silver  lautum  paid  to  Kuri,  Appariti,  and 
Laluti  as  her  full  price.  If  the  child  ....  2  children  ....  Kuri  .... 
lautum  .... 

L.  1:  sihirtum  ;  cf.  1.  1,  XIV,  1.  This  is  the  word  used  in 
the  Code  of  Hammurabi  for  "minor."  Cf.  also  kal-la-tu 
si-bir-[tu],  ZA,  XVI,  p.  174,  1.  39;  also,  CT,  XVIII,  pi  15, 
k.  10089  [MVAG,  1905,  4,  p.  4).  u-tu  =  aladu.  If  1.  2  con- 
tains no  mistake  on  the  part  of  the  scribe,  we  have  a  very  small 
child.*  Unfortunately  the  parallel  text  is  broken  here,  and  con- 
sequently we  can  derive  no  help  from  that  source.  The  word 
lanu  used  in  connection  with  slaves  is  discussed  by  Johns,  ADD, 
pp.  519  f.,  and  ADB.,  p.  80.  In  the  latter  place  Johns  trans- 
lates lanu  as  "perhaps  stature."  It  is  used  in  connection  with 
rtitu,  which  Johns  finally  makes  approximately  equivalent  to  our 
"foot."  LI.  4,  5:  A-Ni-sa,  Sumerian  and  Semitic  relative;  just 

as  in  1.  8  a-na  is  repeated  in  su.  LL  9-13:  For  these  garments 

cf.  XIV,  157,  where  kabrum  occurs,  1.  84.  LI.  18-20  no 

doubt  contained  the  conditions  of  the  sale.  It  is  to  be  noticed 
that  in  both  cases,  XIV,  1,  and  here,  the  slaves  were-  natives  of 
Kardunias.       For   Kardunias  =  Babylonia  in  Cassite   times   cf. 

♦The  tablet  clearly  reads  as  copied.  Of  course  we  cannot  be  sure  about  the  "  cubit " 
meant. 


Temple  Documents  from  the  Cassite  Period  17 

Hommel,  Geographie,  pp.  257,  289.  Perhaps  these  cases  come 
under  the  three-year  law  [Cff,  §117;  cf.  also  §§280,  281). 
For  the  price,  cf .  XIV,  7.  LI.'  26  ff. :    Thumb-nail  marks  of 

Kurl,  Appariti,  and  Laluti,  instead  of  their  seals.     It  is  of  interest 
to  notice  that  each  person  made  five  nail-impressions. 
Clay,  TAN,  XIV,  8: 

Transliteration:  '"nDa'an-f^Marduk  mar  f"  Ap-pa-a-a-i.  ^"Ar- 
ka-sa-ilu  a-na  mi-is-su-ti.  'sa  ™  d-Adad-ri-sa-su  mar  ^'"^Ini-sur.  M1- 
ga-su-um-ma.  ^n^Da'an-dMarduk  i-sa-lu-ma.  ®su-um  a-bi-su  ki- 
me(?)  su-um  a-bi-su  ul  i-di.  'su-um  a-Jji-su  i-sa-lu-su-ma  su-um. 
*a-bi-su  ia-a-nu-um-mi  ik-bi.  "a-na  pa-an  ">  ^  Sin-^adin-sum  m&r 
•n  Adi-mati-f'  Marduk.  "- a-ka-am-ma  ik-bi  a-na  te-ru-ub-ti-a.  "  te-bu- 
ku-ma  a-ma-ti  ul  lu-uni-mu-da-ku.  '-mar  ^  Gu-ub-bu-hi mar  ""  U-bar-ri 
il-Ii-kam-ma.  '^a-ka-an-na  ik-bi.  '*m  Nftr-belit-A-GA-CE  ^'^  ses-a-ni  a-bi-su. 
'*i-na  Dftr-f^NiN-iB  mi-it-ma  ki-bi-ir.  '®u  ^Ikisa-^Adad  a-bu-su. 
"i-na  Dtir-^NiN-iB^*' u-si-ib.  '^u"ifiAdad-ri-sa-su  a-bu-su  "*.... 
u-a  a-li-id.  -"....  sa-a  i-sa-lu-ma  ul  i-di-mi  ik-bi.  ^'"^^i  Adad-ri- 
sa-su  mArka-sa-ilu   u-mi-is-si-ma.  -^[a]-ua   >"  <i  Bel-ki-di-ni    id-di-in. 

^Hil  i-ta-ar-ma.  '*ni  Ar-ka-sa-ilu  as-sum  <»  ^  Adad-ri-sa-su.  ^"a-na- 
™  dggl-ki-di-ni  ul  i-ra-asr-sru-um. 


*e>  »" 


Translation:  Da'an-Marduk,  son  of  Appai,  took  Arka-sa-ilu  to  be 
cleansed  by  Adad-risasu,  son  of  the  ni-sdr;  and  they  questioned  Da'an- 
Marduk,  and  the  name  of  his  father  as  well  as  the  name  of  his  father  he 
did  not  know.  They  asked  him  the  name  of  his  brother,  and  the  name 
of  his  brother  he  did  not  tell.  Before  Sin-nadin-sum,  son  of  Adi-mati- 
Marduk,  he  spoke  as  follows:  "I  objected  to  my  entrance;  I  was  not 
consulted  at  all."  Mar-Gubbuhi,  son  of  Ubarri,  came  and  spoke  as  fol- 
lows: "Nftr-belit-Agade,  his  uncle,  died  and  was  buried  in  Dfir-Ninib, 
and  Ikisa-Adad,  his  father,  dwelt  in  Dfir-Ninib,  and  Adad-risasu,  his 

brother was  born,  ....  they  questioned,  and  he  said:  ''I  do  not 

know."  Adad-risasu  has  cleansed  Arka-sa-ilu,  and  has  given  (him)  to 
Bel-kidini.  He  shall  not  appeal  the  case.  Arka-sa-ilu  shall  have  no 
claim  against  Bel-kidini,  because  of  Adad-risasu.    [Seal  of  Arka-sailu.] 

The  noun  missuti,  1.  2,  and  the  verb  umissi,  1.  21,  seem  to 
indicate  some  ceremony  of  cleansing.  L.  6:  ki-me,  a  variant  of 
kima;  cf.  r^  forms.  L.  10:  terubtu  perhaps  refers  to  enter- 

ing into  the  service  of  some  man;   cf.  XIV,  2,  1.  11.  L.  23  is 

perhaps  to  be  taken  more  literally,  "he  shall  not  return."  Adad- 
risasu  evidently  had  some  claim  on  xArka-sa-ilu  which  he  relin- 
quished in  favor  of  Bsl-kidini.  Arka-sa-ilu  was  then  in  the 
power  of  Bel-kidini,  who,  as  we  have  seen  above,  was  a  slave- 
dealer. 


18  Temple  Documents  from  the  Cassite  Period 

Clay,  TAN,  XIV,  127: 

Transliteration:  'nam-mulu  [gisgal]  sa™Ta-ri-bimar '"Ti-sa.  *i- 
na  aiEs-si  as-bu-ma.  ^"n  Amel-'iMarduk  "^  Ardu-nu-bat-ti  is-pur-ma 
*u-se-lara-ma  i-na  ai  D^j-dBele^fi.  Hi-se-si-im-ma  ™  Ardu-nu-bat-ti 
*bu-us-su  im-ha-as-maim-hur.  ' »  Ta-ri-bu  istu  ai  Dlir-<3  Bele  i^ i.  'us- 
si-ma  a-tar  sa-nim-ma.  "  il-la-ak-ma  us-sam-ma.  '""^Ardu-nu- 
bat-ti  is-sa-an-ni-ik. 

Translation:  The  slaves  of  Taribu,  the  son  of  Tisa,  were  dwelling  in 
the  town  of  Essi.  Amel-Marduk  sent  Ardu-nubatti  to  bring  (them)  up 
and  make  (them)  reside  in  the  town  of  Dur-Bele.  Ardu-nubatti  arranged 
the  transaction  and  made  the  agreement  with  him.  If  Taribu  goes  forth 
from  Dtlr-Bele,  goes  to  another  place  and  dwells  there,  Ardu-nubatti 
shall  be  held  (responsible?). 

L.  6:    cf.  mabis    putisu,  Nbk.,  134.  4;   cf.  Tallquist,  SN, 
p.  92.         L.  8:  a-tar,  cf.  Delitzsch,  HWB,  p.  42  abaztu(?) 
Clay,  TAN,  XIV,  129: 

Transliteration:  4stu  babu  sa  ™  Ki-din-dGu-la.  ^adi  mu-tir-ti. 
'ka-ab-li-i-ti.  *massartu  sa™Ta-ri-bi.  ^anosipittisa  mu-tir-ti,  *sa 
ki-li  a-na  mu-te-ir-ti.  'us-sa-am-ma.  4t-ti  sa-ni-im-ma.  *id-da- 
ab-bu-ub-ma.        ^"Ta-ri-bu.        ".  .  .  .  da  in-ni  .... 

Translation:  The  "watch"  of  Taribu  is  from  the  gate  of  Kidin-Gula 
to  the  middle-doors.  (If)  the  keeper  of  the  doors  of  the  prison  shall  go 
forth  and  speak  with  another,  Taribu  shall  .... 

L.  2:  Mutirti  =  mutireti,  feminine  plural  of  mutirru,  so. 
dalati,  'doorwings.'  Taribu  (cf.  preceding  text)  is  the  respon- 
sible party  of  this  document.  This  is  shown  by  the  fact  that  his 
nail-marks  instead  of  his  seal  are  attached.  He  was  probably  a 
slave-master  who  had  charge  of  the  slaves  of  different  owners. 

Clay,  TAN,  XIV,  126: 

Transliteration:  ' m «i Adad-ba-ni  mar  «" ^ Adad-sum-lisir.  ^'Sa- 
lit-tum  marat  ™Ki-din-DL-MAs.  ^ama-a-ni.  *kal  ^Man-nu-ib-ba-ak- 
dini-su  ses-a-ni.  ^  Marat  ™Kar-zi-ban.  ^e-ge-a.  ^napharu  4  kin- 
ni  n^  Ilu-ba-ni.  ^mar  •"  la-u-ki.  '•"  Am-mar-sa-^^Adad.  ^"u-ma- 
as-si.        "i-na  ^i^^ Gu-zal-lum-sa-ilu.        "a-si-ib. 

Translation:  Adad-bani,  son  of  Adad-sum-lisir;  Salittum,  daughter 
of  Kidin-Ulmas,  his  mother;  a  grown  person,  Mannu-ibak-dinisu,  his 
brother;  the  daughter  of  Karziban,  a  bride;  total  4,  the  family-servants 
of  Ilu-bani,  son  of  lauki.  These  Ammar-sa-Adad  shall  free.  In  the 
town  of  Guzallum-sa-ilu  they  shall  dwell. 

L.  4:    KAL,  cf.  XIV,  7,   1.  L.   7:    Kin-ni,  "family;"    cf. 

kinatati  of  Clay,  Murasu,  X,  115,  and  others;  also  XIV,  60, 
p.  35,  of  the  Introduction  to  XIV.  L.   10:    U-ma-as-si,  cf. 

XIV,  8.     The  document  refers  to  a  transfer  of  servants. 


Temple  Documents  from  the  Cassite  Period  19 

3.  A  case  at  laic— Clay,  TAN,  XIV,  39: 

Transliteration:  '  Di-nu  sa  f"  U-zi-su  ....  tig-en-na  Nippur ''i. 
-'m  (i  jsij^-XB  ....  mar  "™  ^^  NiN-iB-kin-pi-su.  ^u  ™  E-KUR-nadin-sum  .... 
[°i]  Iz-kur-f^NiN-iB  i-di-iiu.  *"»  E-KDR-nadiu-siim  a-na  danu  ki-a-am  ilf- 
bi.  *50  se  zer  i-na  ugaiu  "i»Sa-ir-ri-e  i^i.  *n^<^NiN-iB-nadin-ab-bi 
mSr  ™  E-til-pu.  'a-ua  a-bi-ia  ™  Ilu-ra-bi  a-fei-su  i-ta-din.  *is-tu  Ku- 
ri-gal-zu  mar  Ka  da-as-mau-5ftr-be.  "a-di  Nazi-ma-ru-iit-ta-as  mftr 
Kii-ri-gal-zu.  '"ab-bu-u-a    i-te-tir-ri-su    u    ma-am-ma    ul     is-bu-us. 

iimdNiN-iB-kiu-pi-su  mar  "» ^  B^j-ni-gu.  >-i-na  Na-zi-ma-ru-ut-ta-as 
ekli  sa-a-su.  'H-ta-bal  danu  ™  ^^  NiN-iB-nadin-ab-bi  i-sal-ma  ™  ^  nin-ib- 
nadin-al^-hi  a-na  danu  ki-a-am  ik-bi.  '^ekli  itti  ir-ri-su-ti  "^nin-ib- 
ni-su.  "'a-bi  a-bi-su  it-ti  ah-hi-e-su  e-ri-is.  'Uil  itti  ekli  bur-ku-ti 
na-ad-na-as-su.  "^'^Di-mah-di-'^Uras  a-hi  a-bi-ia.  "*sa  i-na  Na-zi- 
ma-ru-ut-ta-as  ekli  sa-a-su.  -'-'is-bu-su  li-sa-lu-su.  ^'danu  "^  Di-iuab- 
di-f^Uras  i-sal-ma.        ^-■"Di-mah-di-'JUras  a-na  danu  ki-a-am  ik-bi. 

Translation:  The  decision  which  Uzisu  ....  the  tig-en-na  of  Nip- 
pur rendered  Ninib  ....  son  of  Ninib-kin-pisu  and  Ekur-nadin-sum 
....  Izkur-Niuib.  Ekur-nadin-sum  spoke  to  the  judge  as  follows:  "50 
acres  of  laud  in  the  fields  of  the  city  Sa-irr§,  Ninib-nadin-abhi,  son  of 
Etilpu,  gave  to  my  father,  Ilurabi,  his  brother.  From  the  time  of  Kuri- 
galzu,  the  son  of  Kadasman-JJarbe,  to  the  time  of  Nazimaruttas,  the  son 
of  Kurigalzu,  my  fathers  cultivated  (the  land),  and  no  one  collected  the 
sibsu-tax.  Ninib-kin-pisu,  son  of  Bel-nisu,  took  possession  of  that  field 
in  the  reign  of  Nazimaruttas."  The  judge  questioned  Ninib-nadin-a^^i, 
and  Ninib-nadin-abhi  spoke  to  the  judge  as  follows:  "Ninib-nisu,  his 
uncle,  cultivated  the  field  in  partnership  with  his  brothers.  The 
burkuti  was  not  given  him  with  the  field.  Dimahdi-Uras,  my  uncle, 
who  collected  the  sibsu-tax  in  the  time  of  Nazimaruttas,  let  them  ques- 
tion him."  The  judge  questioned  Dimafedi-Uras,  and  Dimabdi-Uras 
spoke  to  the  judge  as  follows : 

For  some  reason  the  rest  of  the  suit  was  not  recorded  on  our 
tablet.  Owing  to  the  fact  that  the  text  is  not  complete,  it  is  not 
possible  to  restore  the  connection  between  the  persons  in  the 
first  three  lines.  LI.   10,  20:  sabasu.     Muss-Arnolt,  DAL, 

p.  1006,  quoting  KB,  IV,  p.  145,  translates  la  isabbas  "soli  nicht 
geheischt  werden."  The  translation  offered  in  KB  is  not  this, 
but  "korn  ....  steuer  soil  nicht  eingetrieben  werden" — shall 
not  be  collected.  The  translation  in  KB  follows  BA,  II,  p.  569. 
The  word  is  no  doubt  to  be  connected  with  sibsu;  of.  p.  23, 
below.  L.  15:  literally,  "cultivate  with  cultivation."         L.  17: 

burkuti.  For  this  word  I  would,  with  much  reserve,  offer  some 
such  meaning  as  'deed.'  For  the  kings  mentioned  in  this  docu- 
ment cf.  above,  p.  8. 


20  Temple  Documents  from  the  Cassite  Period 

4.   Contracts.— C\^j,  TAN,  XIV,  42: 

Transliteration:  '  dup-pi  ri-ki-is-ti.  '  sa  ™  In-na-an-nu.  ^a-na 
am6i  rikke  pi.  *UKA-ziD-DA.  ^ir-ku-su.  **  kurunnu  ul  ta-am-ma. 

'  GAR  (akalu)  ul  ba-ni-ma.  ^  i-na  ba-lu  '"  Raba-sa-dNergal.  ^  gar  sikaru 
u  me-ri-is-tum.  '"i-nam-di-in-ma.  "  i-na-du-u.  '"i-ba-ka-nu.  '^nap- 
ba-ar.  '*si-ka-ri.  '^sa  is-tu  arbuArahsamna.  '^  sa  satti  1  kan,  ^'a-na 
ka-ab-ri.        ^^  i-ka-na-ak. 

[Date  and  seals  of  the  rikku  and  ka-zid-da  officers.] 

Translation:  The  tablet  of  contract  which  Innannu  drew  up  with 
the  rikku  and  ka-zid-da  officers.  In  case  the  wine  is  not  good  and  the 
bread  is  not  clean,  without  (the  consent  of?)  Raba-sa-Nergal,  he  (In- 
nannu) shall  give  bread,  wine  and  new-wine,  and  they  shall  deliver 
them,  they  shall  ....  All  of  the  wine  from  the  month  Araljsamna  of 
the  year  one,  shall  be  sealed  for  the  kabri. 

L.  9:  Me-ri-is-tum,  the  uBual  meaning  is  "planting."  Here 
perhaps  an  m-formation  from  the  root  of  IcilTl ;  of.  the  Sou- 
danese marlsa,  "date-wine"  (Doughty,  Arabia  Deserta,  p.  629). 
L.  12:  Do  we  here  have  a  verb  corresponding  to  bukanu? 
L.  17:     Kabri,  of.  kapri,  'cup'  (Muss-Arnolt,  DAL,  p.  423). 

Clay,  TAN,  XIV,  123: 

Transliteration:  '1  alpu  ri-it-ti  ki-i  [2  siklu  hurasi].  -1  inieru 
ki-i  2  siklu  hurasi.  ^  it-ti  °^  Tab-sil-li  mar  "^  Ab-ta-a-na-ilu  ^  ^  nin-sar- 
murassu-rSmii.  ^in-si-sam.         ^a-na  sam  til-la-bi-su.         '60  til-li-e 

samni  ra-bu-ti.  ^ki-i  4  [siklu  hurasi]  i-di-in.  ^ul  i-tar-ma  ™Tab-sil- 
lum.  "^as-sum  alpu  im^ru  ul  i-ra-gu-um.  "u  ™<iNiN-SAR-murassTi- 
remu.  ^^as-sum  60  til-li-e  [samni  ra-buj-ti.  '^a-na  ™Tab-[sil-li  mar 
™  Ab-ta-a-na-ilu].        '*  ul  i-[ra-gu-um]. 

Translation:  One  pasture-ox  at  2  shekels  of  gold,  one  ass  at  2 
shekels  of  gold,  NiN-sAR-murassii-remu  bought  from  Tab-silli,  son  of 
Abta-ana-ilu,  at  their  full  price.  Sixty  large  vessels  of  oil,  valued  at  4 
shekels  of  gold,  he  paid.  He  shall  not  have  recourse  ("Er  soil  den  Kauf 
nicht  riickgangig  machen").  Tab-silli  shall  bring  no  claim  for  (con- 
cerning) the  ox  and  the  ass;  and  NiN-SAR-murassti-remu  shall  bring  no 
claim  against  Tab-silli  for  the  60  large  vessels  of  oil. 

L.  7:    Til-li-e,  perhaps  to  be  read  tal-li-e,  plural  of  tallu, 
"vessel;"  of.  XIV,  163,  below. 
Clay,  TAN,  XIV,  106: 

Translation:  30  gur  of  grain  of  the  12  ka  tax,  the  portion  of  the 
city  Sarmas,  which  Bel-mukin-aplu  received  from  Bel-sululi,  son  of 
Belani,  Mutakkil-Marduk,  the  scribe,  son  of  Ilu-rabi,  Amel-Sin,  son  of 
Adad-rizua.  30  gur  108  ka  of  grain  of  the  12  ka  tax  they  shall  pay,  and 
their  seals  they  may  break.  [Date  and  seals  of  Amel-Sin,  Bel-sululi, 
and  Mutakkil-Marduk.    Note  stating  that  this  is  a  duplicate  tablet.] 


Temple  Documents  from  the  Cassite  Period  21 

Other  contracts  are:  XV,  43:  "3  gur  of  grain,  at  interest, 
out  of  the  wages  tax  (gis-bar-se-ba)  Pu-Adad,  son  of  Ikkari, 
received.     On  the  day  of  harvest  he  shall  repay  it."  XV,  82: 

"14  GUR  72  KA,  the  portion  of  the  full  tax  remaining  unpaid  out 
of  all  that  he  paid  and  delivered.  On  the  day  of  harvest  Restusu 
shall  pay  it."  (Restusu  owed  the  temple  a  certain  amount  of 
grain,  part  of  which  he  paid,  the  unpaid  part  becoming  the 
amount  on  a  note  to  be  paid  on  the  day  of  harvest.)  XV,  142: 
"90  KA  of  AS-AN-NA  grain  of  the  full  tax,  with  interest  to  the 
amount  of  66  ?a  of  corn,  was  received  by  Likdisir.  On  the  day 
of  harvest  he  shall  repay  it."  XIV,  11:     Takalti-Adad  agrees 

(bu-us-su  im-ha-as)  to  deliver  a  cow  in  payment  at  a  certain 
time.  In  case  of  non-delivery  he  is  to  repay  two  cows.  The 
beginning  of  the  document  has  to  do  with  a  detained  slave, 
ik-la-su.  XIV,  38:  "Cattle  to  the  number  of  5,  for  (?a-na, 
we  should  expect  from)  Sin-etilli  son  of  Zabrum,  Selibi  received 
and  tended  (ib-ki?-id).  Selibu  shall  take  and  deliver  the 
cattle  to  Innaunu.  If  he  does  not  deliver  them,  he  shall  repay 
(i-ta-na-pal)  x  cattle."  XIV,  49:  "2  gur  162(?)  ka  of 
grain  of  the  full  tax,  together  with  2  gur  24  ka,  his  share,  which 
....  paid  and  delivered.  On  the  day  of  harvest  Sukal-a^u- 
eris    shall    pay    to    Martuki."  XIV,   98:     Receipt    of   grain, 

which  is  to  be  repaid  on  the  day  of  harvest  and  the  debtor's  seal 
(tablet)  broken.  XIV,  41rt.-     A  promissory  note,  for  arrears 

in  interest  (ib-kid  har-ra)  to  be  paid  on  the  day  of  harvest. 
XIV,  119:  Cattle  contract.  L.  3,  a-pa-ar,  "meadow."  The 
end  of  the  contract  gives  the  number  of  cattle  to  be  repaid,  i-ta- 
na-ap-pal,  in  case  of  losses,  |ja-li-ik-ti. 

II.     the  property  and  income  of  the  temple 

1.  The  income  designated  as  gis-bar,  gal,  5  ka,  6  ka,  etc. — 
This  is  discussed  by  Clay,  Vol.  XIV,  p.  5.  Under  this  head  only 
those  documents  will  be  noted  which  clearly  have  to  do  with 
income.  There  are  a  number  of  documents,  such  as  XV,  4,  which 
may  be  statements  of  taxes  paid  to  the  temple,  but  which  may 
equally  well  be  taken  as  payments  of  salaries;  cf.  "Babylonian 
Bookkeeping,"  above,  p.  9. 

XV,  10:  "Grain  of  the  full  tax,  in  the  form  of  BAR-grain 
(*®bar),  flour,  etc."  L.  4,  col.  2,  shows  that  flour  was  due,  but 
not  paid  (lal-ni).     The  revenues  were  received  from  the  town  of 


22  Temple  Documents  from  the  Cassite  Period 

Zarat-IM,  the  neighborhood  of  the  city  (Nippur?),  the  soldiers 
(sabe)  of  Nippur;  and  as  interest  (ru-ub-bi-e)  accruing  from 
grain  of  the  tab-kitax;  cf.  XV,  29,  5,  from  which  it  seems  that 
tabki,  "poured  out,"  must  refer  to  some  use  to  which  the  grain 
is  put,  not  to  storing  it.  XV,  48:  "Grain  of  the  full  tax,  which 

Kisabbut  received  (mi-tah-hu-ru  Perm.  I,  2)  from  three  persons." 
The  total  is  designated  as  salary  for  the  rikku  officer.  XV,  54: 
Taxes  received  from  certain  towns.  XV,  58:  "a^GUB  of  grain 

of  the  full  tax,  arGUR,  wagon-hire,  out  of  the  grain  of  Bel-mukin- 
aplu,  Ninib-muballit,  and  Bana-la-Sukal  brought  from  the  town 
of  Dtir-Nusku."  L.  3,  i-na  libbi  se'um  sa.  This  is  the  full 
formula;  frequently  se'um  is  omitted.  XV,  61:   L.  5  shows 

that  the  tax  came  to  the  temple  through  Innannu.  XV,  102: 

A  list  of  towns  and  the  revenues  they  paid  to  the  temple.  L.  7,  a 
note,  "In  addition,  224  GUR  which  (for?)  ki-mu  sikaru^^  (bi-mes) 
is  dal-tu."  LI.  34  ff.,  perhaps  payments  "up  to  the  year  19." 
XV,  149:  Taxes  in  the  form  of  flour,  wine,  and  sheep  paid  to  the 
temple  by  certain  persons  and  towns.  L.  144  gives  the  amount 
still  due  ( IB-kid).  XV,  159c.-  A  list  of  towns  and  their  revenues. 
XIV,  18:  Payments  of  grain  from  certain  towns.  For  the  head- 
ing of  the  column  of  towns,  cf.  XV,  132,  and  perhaps  XIV,  166, 
25.  XIV,  24:    L.   16,  "besides  28  gur  delivered  as  support 

for  the  temple  (kurmat  bit  ili)."  XIV,  26:    "1  gur  96  ka, 

unpaid  interest  on  the  full  tax,  which  Kiditi  and  Eribi  (owed  and 
now  paid?),  together  with  1  GUR  which  was  paid  (on  time?),  and 
1  PI  which  Abiauti  delivered"  (sulu,  the  regular  word  for  paying 
or  delivering  tribute  or  tax) .  XIV,  68:  Receipt  of  sheepwool. 
XIV,  112  and  114  show  how  careful  was  the  record  of  tax-collec- 
tions. The  names  of  the  towns  from  which  the  taxes  came,  the 
local  agents  who  collected  them,  and  in  some  cases  the  date  of 
collection  (no  doubt  when  it  was  not  the  tax  for  the  year  mentioned 
in  the  note  at  the  end)  are  given;  finally  the  totals,  the  agent  of 
the  temple  who  received  the  revenues  (mi-tah-hu-rum),  and 
the  date. 

2.  Other  kinds  of  revenues.  —  XIV,  31:  "Year  19  of  Kuri- 
galzu."  Six  columns  headed  re-es  busi,  sib-sum,  zittu  u-du- 
u,  ki-is-rum,  napharu,  mu-bi-im.  The  reverse  had  a  similar 
heading.  Res-busi,  literally  "first  or  best  of  property,"  here 
means  "first-fruits,"  and  is  to  be  considered  as  a  regular  kind  of 
tax;  cf.  Heb.  t^'^^!J<"1.     Zittu  (ha-la)  udu,  perhaps  a  tax  on  house- 


Temple  Documents  from  the  Cassite  Period  23 

hold  goods,  personal  property  in  contrast  to  one  on  real  estate; 
cf.  lexicons  under  zittu  and  ndu.  For  udu  cf.  XIV,  51,  124, 
146;  XV,  130,  181,  and  the  following.  Kisru,  "rent"  or  "hire;" 
cf.  XV,  90,  48;  157,  27;  XIV,  128.  Si'bsu;  cf.  Muss-Arnolt, 
DAL.  A  more  definite  meaning  than  "tax"  cannot  be  determined 
from  these  texts.  Other  references  to  sibsu  are  found  in  the  fol- 
lowing texts:  XIV,  125:  [seum]  mab-ru-ma  i-na  Dur-'^Sin 
tab-ku,  satti  13^**"  Ku[-ri-gal-zu?],  "grain  received  and 
'poured  out'  in  Dur-Sin,  the  thirteenth  year  of  Kurigalzu  (?)."* 
The  grain  is  classified  as  sibsu  and  as-an-na.  For  miksu,  1.  14, 
see  DAL,  p.  538.  L.  15,  "in  addition,  24  ka  from  the  town 
Pa-tir(?)."  XIV,  37:  "Year  22  of  Kurigalzu.  Grain  received 
and  'poured  out'  in  Karu-Bunna-Marduk.  Sibsu,  seed-grain 
and  AS-AN-NA,  paid  by  the  patesis  of  Erba-Nergal."  XV,  166:  A 
list  of  grains,  no  doubt  collected  as  revenue,  including  sib-sum, 
kisrum,  as-an-na,  tig-tur,  tig-gal,  and  siblu.  L.  19,  miksu; 
see  XIV,  125,  1.  14.  XV,  47;  see  below,  p.  44.  L.  14,  "1  gur 
114  KA,  the  sibsu  of  the  town  Ntir-Adad."  XV,  115;  see  below, 
p.  25.  XV,  131:  "Revenue  (full  tax)  from  the  town  Zarat-dtir 
Gula,  for  the  year  22.  First-fruits,  sibsu,  kipatu,  as-an-na, 
sibsu,  TiG-GAL,  mu-bi-im."  XIV,  32:  "Tax  (telitum)  of  the 
year  19  of  Kurigalzu.  Res-busi,  sibsum,  as-an-na,  tig-gal,  and 
ZAG-Hi."  The  word  telitum  has  a  more  general  meaning  than 
"crop."  These  documents  make  it  evident  that  the  word  means 
"tax,"  "revenue;"  cf.  sulu.  The  above  text  then  reads :  "Revenue 
for  the  year  19  of  Kurigalzu,  paid  as  first-fruits,  etc."  XIV,  31, 
above,  is  the  same  kind  of  list  with  telitum  implied  as  a  heading. 
XIV,  33:  [Telitum]  satti  20'^«"  Kurigalzu.  seum(  ?)sibsum 
pa-rim-ma-tum  ( ?),  mabru,  ib-kid.  This  text  is  important 
because  from  it  we  can  determine  the  meaning  of  the  frequently 
occurring  ideogram  ib-kid.  We  have  three  columns,  the  first  giv- 
ing the  amount  of  grain  due  as  sibsum,  the  second  the  amount 
received,  and  the  third  the  amount  still  due,  that  is,  not  received. 
That  this  is  the  correct  interpretation  is  seen  from  the  fact  that 
the  amounts  in  column  2  subtracted  from  those  in  columm  1  give 
those  in  column  3.  The  transcription  of  parimmatumis  con- 
jectural, but  it  does  not  affect  the  correctness  of  the  conclusion 
drawn.  For  the  ideogram  ib-kid  cf.  XIV,  26,  5;  33,  2;  92,  1; 
99,  49;  113,  5;  121,  4;  41a  1;  117a  9;  XV,  6,  8;  19,  19;  30,  2; 

•Cf.  Introd.  to  Vol.  XIV,  p.  3. 


24  Temple  Documents  from  the  Cassite  Period 

46,  11;  64,  10;  68,  2;  82,  1;  106,  9;  122,  7;  141,  8;  155,  21; 
173,  6;  182,  9.  XIV,  100:  "The  revenue  classified  as  full  tax 
from  the  town  of  5amri  for  the  year  12,  in  the  form  of  first-fruits 
andsibsum."  XIV,  141:  "  .  .  .  .  10  ka  tax,  revenue  (te- lit) 
from  the  town  of  ,  .  .  .  ,  as  first-fruits,  sibsum  kisru  and  na- 
ab-hu-bu."  Nahhuhu  occurs  here  only;  no  doubt  it  is  a  form 
of  revenue.  XIV,  144:  "a;  gur  of  grain  of  the  full  tax,  classed 
as  first-fruits,  the  salary  of  4  rikku  officers  for  the  year  5.  a;  gur 
as  salary  (aklum),  10  gur  'poured  out'  (tu-bu-uk-ku-u;  cf. 
tabku)  for  1  gur,  1  pi,  5  gur  wagon-hire,  x  gur  salary,  x  gur 
unpaid  (lal-ni)."  Tubuku  ina  1  gur,  1  pi;  cf.  above,  p.  22. 
XV,  10.  Here  again  it  is  evident  that  tabaku  is  some  business 
transaction.  XIV,  146:  "First-fruits,  sibsum,  udu,  and  kis- 
rum."  XIV,  79:  "Grain  classed  as  full  tax  which  was  paid  by 
Martuku  out  of  the  revenue  of  the  sowing  of  the  year  22  on  the 
estate  of  Ninib-aplu-iddina.  72  ka  as  wages  of  the  potter,  72  ka 
as   salary   of    Adagal-pftn-Marduk,  the  gardener.  XIV,  118: 

"Wagon  (loads  of  grain),  the  revenue  from  Dur-bele,  year  5  of 
Kudur-Bel."  That  sumbi  here  is  to  be  translated  as  "wagon- 
loads  of  grain"  follows  from  1.  24,  where  ^®zer,  "seed-grain,"  is 
inserted.  For  the  meaning  of  ^arbu,  1.  9,  cf.  p.  35.  This  is 
the  revenue  from  Dur-bele  from  the  10th  of  the  3d  month  to  the 
5th  of  the  4th  mouth,  year  5  of  Kudur-Bel.  XV,  5:  A  receipt 
given  by  Amel-bani  for  certain  grain  of  the  revenue  classed  as 
full  tax,  from  the  town  of  Zarat-dtir-Gula,  For  1.  2  see  below. 
The    meaning  of   mu-is-ri    of    1.    1   is  not  clear.  XV,    59: 

"^®har-ra,  tumru,  prepared  grain  as  full  tax,"  etc.  L.  2,  end, 
the  Gis-sign  takes  the  place  of  the  usual  mu-bi-im;  cf.  Br.  blOl. 
L.  10,  together  with  48  ka,  instead  of  the  ru-(sup)ga  of  the  year 
5.  Ki-mu  here  and  in  cases  like  XV,  III,  14;  132,  5  seems  to 
be  a  variant  of  kima;  cf.  XIV,  8,  6,  kime.  In  XV,  196,  16  it 
is  probably  to  be  translated  as  "flour,"  and  in  XV,  135,  7  either 
translation  is  possible;  cf.  below,  p.  41.  The  reverse  deals  with 
taxes,  telitu. 

XV,  91:  Like  XIV,  118,  with  additional  lists.  The  tablet  is 
too  badly  rubbed  to  determine  the  headings  of  columns  2  and  3. 
ZAG-gi-Li-SAR  (written  also  zag-hi-li  and  ZAG-gi),  siblu;  cf. 
Meissner,  Supplement,  p.  71;  there  translated  as  "a  prickly 
plant;"  cf.  references  io  Maklu  5,  32,  etc.;  cf.  also  Labartu  {ZA, 
XVI),  II,  34;  III,  56.     In  the  latter  instance  it  is  written  out 


Temple  Documents  from  the  Cassite  Period  25 

sib-lu-u.  The  word  also  occurs  in  the  historical  texts;  see 
Muss-Arnolt's  DAL.  The  word  is  translated  as  "thorn"  by 
Myhrman  and  others.  This  may  be  a  correct  meaning  of  the 
word,  but  from  the  passages  quoted  below  it  seems  clear  that 
ZAG-gi-Li-SAR  in  these  texts  is  a  plant  of  value.  As  Tallquist 
has  shown  (p.  140  of  3IaJdil),  the  plants  there  mentioned  are 
chosen  because  of  the  likeness  of  their  radicals  to  those  of  the 
verbs  used;  cf.  Zimmern,  BBR,  p.  223.  The  ideogram  occurs 
also  in  the  following  texts:  XIV,  18,  in  connection  with  as-an- 
NA,  etc.,  in  a  revenue  list;  XIV,  21,  in  a  payment  of  flour,  wine, 
onions,  etc. ;  XIV,  24,  similar  to  18.  L.  13  contains  a  note, 
bar-su-u;  cf.  ^r.  5990;  Delitzsch,  i?TF5,  p.  293;  Muss-Arnolt, 
DAL,  p.  341.  The  root  has  such  varied  meanings  that  one  can- 
not assign  any  meaning  here,  in  view  of  the  context.  L.  16,  cf. 
above,  p.  22.  XIV,  34,  like  18  and  24;  XIV,  88,  1.  6; 
XV,  5,  2;  9,  2;  12,  4;  29,  2;  70,  5;  91,  2;  117,  2;  157,  1;  166, 
1;  170,  1.  As-AN-NA,  see  Vol.  XIV,  p.  31,  note.  Ziemer  (BA, 
III,  p.  484)  thinks  it  is  equivalent  to  asne,  but  his  argument 
is  by  no  means  convincing,  and  we  are  no  nearer  a  solution  with 
this  equation;  cf.  Zimmern,  BBR,  p.  220.  The  connection  be- 
tween AS-AN-NA  and  bututtu  is  seen  from  XIV,  77;  1  gur  30 
KA  AS-AN-NA  GIS-BAR  6  KA  la  i-na  libbi  sa  ^^  Za-rat-dtir- 
'^Gu-la  a-na  bu-tu-ut-ti  ha-as-la-ma  a-na  a-bi  nadnu 
(nu) :  "1  GUR  30  KA  of  as-an-na  out  of  the  6  KA  tax  from  Zarat- 
dur-Gula,  was  ground  into  bututtu  and  given  to  the  abi ;"  cf. 
XV,  35,  7.  Bututtu  is  therefore  a  variety  of  flour  ground  from 
as-an-na;  cf.  XV,  53:  as-an-na  of  the  full  tax  of  Zarat-iM,  paid 
to  certain  persons.  For  11.  5  and  6  cf.  p.  39.  A  note  is  added 
after  the  date,  accounting  for  90  ka  of  flour  (kime)  made  from 
AS-AN-NA  grain  of  the  full  tax,  which  the  "house  of  the  seal" 
(bit-kunukki)  sent  to  Nippur;  4  pi  of  flour  (kime),  1  pi  of 
flour  (bututtum)  received  by  Sin-napsira.  Here  we  clearly 
have  two  kinds  of  flour  made  from  as-an-NA.  For  other  kinds  of 
flour  see  below,  p.  27.  As-an-na  is  a  grain,  and  is  a  regular 
kind  of  revenue  paid  into  the  temple. 

^®BAL.  XV,  115:  "55  GUR  of  BAL  grain,  of  the  tax  'poured 
out'  (tab-ki)  in  the  town  of  Taribatum.  Innannu  received  it 
from  the  hand  of  Belsunu  by  order  of  Lu.ssu-ana-nur-B6l."  Out 
of  it  were  paid  amounts  to  certain  persons.  The  grain  is  classi- 
fied under  three  headings:     Tabki,    "poured  out,"  salary  tax, 


26  Temple  Documents  from  the  Cassite  Period 

and  10  KA  tax.  The  only  amount  under  the  first  Lead  is  3  gur, 
which  was  paid  to  the  house  of  Innannu  at  Nippur.  There  are 
three  entries  under  the  second  head:  7  gur  paid  to  AUia,  son  of 
Lussu-ana-nurisu,  received  by  Ia-e(?)-a  (as  agent  for  the  first); 

1  GUR  as  wages  (zer?)  of  2  patesis  of  Sin-issahra;  1  gur  of 
HAR-RA  grain  (or  perhaps  interest)  paid  to  Hunnubu.  Belanu 
received  25(?)  gur  of  the  10  ka  tax  grain,  and  a  note  states  that 
he  received  8  gur  144  ka  additional  by  order  of  Lussu-ana-nfir- 
B6l.  L.  11  probably  belongs  to  the  same  note,  and  gives  the 
explanation  of  the  extra  grain  paid.  It  was  paid  from  the  sibsu 
tax  of  the  god  of  the  zakiri.  L.  13,  "6  ka  to  Innannu  for 
fodder  for  his  horse."  L.  14,  "a;  gur  for  the  measurer  (ma-an- 
di-du)."  L.  16,  "6  gur  to  Takisu,  fodder  for  an  ass,  and  for 
wine."  L.  18,  perhaps  the  same  as  1.  11:  "out  of  the  sibsu  of 
the  god  in  the  zakiri."  LI.  19,  20,  "an  amount  paid  out  of  the 
portion  of  Innannu."  L.  21,  "90  ka  paid  out  of  the  portion  of 
Martuku."  Or  the  ditto  may  refer  to  the  portion  of  Innannu, 
and  is  to  be  translated,  "Martuku  paid  out  of  the  portion  of 
Innannu."  L.  24,  "3  gur  78  ka  of  as-an-na,  the  sibsu -tax  of 
the  zakiri  of  the  shepherd,  A^idutum  and  Isemutum(?)  brought 
to  the  storehouse  and  gave  it  to  Innannu  (usam^arum)."  The 
meaning  of  ^?zakiri  is  not  clear;  perhaps  it  is  a  wooden  shrine. 
^*'BAL  also  occurs  in  XV,  144,  1.  6,  with  ^^zer,  "seed-grain"  and 
Ki-MU.  Bal  with  grain  occurs  in  Reisner,  TU,  in  the  sense  of 
"aufspeichern." 

Other  grains  given  to  the  temple  as  revenue  are  the  following : 
TIG-GAL;  cf.  above,  passim;  cf.  also  Clay,  Murasu,  X,  sign-list. 
No.  179.  This  grain  is  also  referred  to  in  the  Ritualtafeln, 
Zimmern,  BBR,  p.  225.  tig-tur;  cf.  the  same  references;  cf. 
XIV,  3a,  3,  s«ma-ti;  XV,  133,  2,  and  150,  4,  ^^ne  and  ^«be. 

XV,  97:  Date.  "The  grain  which  was  brought  from  the 
town  of  Tablas  and  put  into  the  large  gate  (abulli)  of  the  god 
Sulmu."  The  grain  was  brought  by  the  parties  named.  The 
large  gates  seem  to  have  been  used  as  granaries  in  Babylonia, 
just  as  they  were  in  Europe  in  the  times  when  cities  were  walled 
in.  XV,  141 :  Grain  brought  from  Dur-Nusku  and  perhaps  paid 
out.  L.  15,  "flour  which  was  brought  from  the  open  steppe(?)" 
(sa    istu    pa-an    seri(?)    na-sa-a).     The   total  received   was 

2  gur,  18  ka;  24  ka  were  still  due  (lal-ni).  XV,  17:  Prob- 
ably a  list  of   payments  to  the  temple.     L.   16,  su-la-as-sum 


Temple  Documents  from  the  Cassite  Period  27 

=  "delivered  it  for  him."  XV  173:    Grain  received   by  In- 

naiinu  from  two  towns  for  the  temple.  In  addition  there  is  a 
payment,  not  belonging  to  the  list,  from  another.  L.  5  gives 
the  total  amount  received,  1,  6  the  amount  un})aid;  perhaps  not 
turned    over    by   Innannu.  XV,   174,    175:     It    is  not  clear 

whether  these  are  payments  to  or  by  the  temple.  The  absence 
of  the  check-marks  is  in  favor  of  the  former.  XV,  182:    Pay- 

ments from  certain  towns.  LI.  8  f.,  amount  received,  amount 
still    due    ( IB-KID ),   and    wages.  XV,   196:     Lists  of   grains 

received  or  still  due  (lal-ni). 

Besides  the  bututtum  flour  mentioned  above,  p.  25,  the  fol- 
lowing are  found  in  these  texts:  XIV,  47:  si-lji-rum,  cf,  XIV, 
117a,  1;  si-ni-tum,  cf.  XIV,  117rt,  5,  and  XV,  181,  8;  ki- 
patu(?)  fiour,  cf.  XV,  181,  6;  pa-bi-du,  cf.  XIV,  117a,  2;  XV, 
181,  5;  si-GAR-TAK,  cf.  XIV,  117a,  3;  ri-du,  cf.  XIV,  117a,  6; 
XV,  181,  3;  su-ad-e(?),  cf.  XV,  181,  4;  si-ib-ri  flour,  cf.  XV, 
181,  7.  For  sibru,  a  grain,  cf.  Muss-Arnolt,  DAL,  p.  1005, 
and  BA,  IV,  p.  305.  To  translate  kin,  sipru  (cf.  Br.  10753) 
and  connect  it  with  l^'dj  is  rather  a  case  of  juggling  with  ideo- 
grams. That  "i2"vE  and  sibru  are  to  be  connected  is  more 
probable. 

The  connection  of  mun,  XV,  181,  9  (cf.  XV,  IG,  8;  44,  20; 
64,  7;  147,  6;  169,  3),  with  these  different  kinds  of  flour  makes 
it  unlikely  that  it  is  to  be  translated  "salt"  (tabtu).  For  doubt 
as  to  whether  it  ever  means  "salt,"  see  Muss-Arnolt's  Dictionary. 
Here  it  probably  represents  some  member  of  the  vegetable 
kingdom. 

3.  The  flocks  and  herds  of  the  temple. — XIV,  44:  A  list  of 
persons  and  the  sheep  which  they  presented  to  (?)  the  temple. 
XIV,  52:  The  meadow  (?)  za-kur;  date.  List  of  1  bull,  34 
full-grown  cows,  4  three-year-old  cows,  etc.  Total,  77  cattle 
(lid-gud-sun)  ....  ?  and  a  quantity  of  butter.  The  cattle 
are  in  the  hands  of  Gubbubi,  and  belong  to  the  district  (pi bat) 
over  which  Nunakte  has  charge.  This  is  no  doubt  a  single  herd 
of  cattle,  a  number  of  which  made  up  the  larger  herds  of  the 
temple.  A  list  like  that  represented  in  XIV,  99a  (see  below) 
was  made  up  of  smaller  lists  like  this  one.  The  quantity  of  but- 
ter recorded  corresponds  to  the  amounts  recorded  in  the  last 
column  of  such  a  text  as  99a.  XIV,  137:  This  tablet  is  badly 

broken,  but  enough  of  the  text  remains  to  show  that  it  was  an 


28  Temple  Documents  from  the  Cassite  Period 

inventory  of  a  herd  of  20  cattle,  the  butter  due,  and  the  names  of 
the  nakidu,  hazannu,  and  kassu  (see  below).  The  seal  of 
Am&l-Marduk  is  attached,  which  shows  that  he  is  the  person  who 
"took  out"  (i-ti-ik(  ?)  )  the  herd.  He  is  to  pay  over  the  hides 
(tahsa),  etc.  (i-na  ....  10  masku  (?)  i-nam-din,  i-na 
.  .  .  .  i-na  100  .  .  .  .  sa  it-te-ik,  i-na  150  .  .  .  .  liimetu 
i-na  170  ....  ha-za-an-nu  a-na  .  .  .  .  su  lid-gud-sun  i- 
man-nu,  ha-za-an-nu  a-na  .  .  .  .  su  ul  in  .  .  .  .  ^'^^ire'u  u- 
pa  (  ?) -ka  (  ?) -ru-ma  (  ?)  lal-ni  t|a-za-an-nu  is-si-rum). 
The  latter  part  of  the  document  is  the  contract  with  the  temple. 
A  man  took  out  a  certain  number  of  cattle,  was  allowed  a  certain 
percentage  for  losses  by  death,  etc.,  but  was  also  expected  to 
return  a  certain  percentage  by  way  of  increase,  and  for  the  dead 
he  was  to  return  the  hides,  bones,  etc.  Cf.  Clay,  Murasu,  X, 
pp.  23  fP.,  and  Introd.  to  Vol.  XIV,  p.  26.  XIV,  162  is  another 

herd  similar  to  XIV,  52. 

XV,  199:  Lists  of  cattle  with  the  names  of  the  herdsmen  in 
charge.  The  totals  do  not  include  the  numbers  after  ta,  unless 
those  numbers  are  included  in  the  numbers  before  it.  These  inser- 
tions are  perhaps  to  be  considered  as  notes,  and  refer  to  cattle 
which  the  man  holds,  but  are  accounted  for  in  some  other  list.  It 
is  to  be  noticed  that  there  are  two  sets  of  totals.  In  column  9  the 
totals  of  the  herds  in  charge  of  the  different  men  are  given;  and 
in  1.  14  the  grand  total  of  all  the  cattle,  got  by  adding  up  the 
totals  of  column  9.  Besides  this  there  is  a  separate  total  of  all 
the  cows.  The  percentage  of  increase  in  flocks  and  herds  is 
based  on  the  number  of  potential  females — cf.  above.  L.  15,  cf. 
XIV,  99«,  5,  below. 

Transliteration:  -'"^napharu  719 birum  na-kam-tum  adi  2  sa  Mar-™Ah- 
li-u  u-ak-ki-ra  adi  1-40 (?)  sa  Bab-mi-ni  adi  185  sa  tamtim  ....  -'istu 
tamtim  u  Dur-ku-ri-gal-zu  il-ga-am-ma  id-di-na  ....  adi  21  sa  ™  Amel- 
Marduk  im-<ihu-ru-[ma]  a-na  ....  ^''mdMarduk-nasir  is-si-ir-su  itti  60 
sa  Mar  '^  La-ki-it-zi-e  (?)-la  [im-hu]-ru-u-ma  a-na  ^  ikkarepi  u-za-'-i-zu  itti 
30  (?)... .  -^  itti  30  sa  a-ua  simu  a-me-lu-ti  ua-ad-uu  itti  69  sa  pa-te-si .... 
be  bilpi  na-ad-nu  itti  4  sa  a-na  ™  Bel-u-za  ....  ^"itti  13  bu-ul-lu-ku- 
tu  e-li  zi-kar  u  a-ra-ad  sar-ri  itti  1  sa  a-na  nikti  ^  Istar  pa-al  ....        ^'  u 

29  masku  su-lu-u  kat  "^  d  Marduk-nasir  2  lal-ni  masku  sa  nakidepi  itti 
5  sa  i-na  satti  llkaa  na-ad-nu  su-lu-u.  ^^1  pi-ik-du  mTa-ri-bi-ilu  1  pi- 
ik-du  °igu-za-him  itti  3  sa  i-na  satti  12'^an  na-ad-nu  su-lu-u  napharu(?) 
4  a-na  e-si-ri-su.  ^^26  birum  sa  i-na  satti  7  ^^^  istu  tamtim  il-ku-ni  kat 
™  d  Marduk-nasir  duppi  su-ma-ti  ma-^i-ir  is-si-ra-am-ma  a-na  mu-uh  .... 
^Htti  19  sa  m  Amel-dMarduk  a-na  mu-uh  sa  aiu  Ardu-Beht  ki  m-ud-du-u 


Temple  Documents  from  the  Cassite  Period  29 

[itti]  8  (?)  sa  >" 'I Nin-ib-mu-bal-lit  i-na  li'u-su  ....  ='=^itti  12  sa 
'n  Iddiua-'^Nerg'al  a-ua  mu-uh-su  ru-ud-du-u  itti  sa  20  biruni  160  gur 
seum  sa  1  alpu  8  gur  seum  sa  ™  Ib-ni-dKUR  iddina  (na)  a-na  .... 
^^25  biruni  sa  Dur-ku-ri-gal-zu  sa  i-na  satti  17  ^^^^a-na  e-ri-si  u  tu-iir-ri 
ua-ad-uu  itti  21  sa  a-na  ir-ri-si  sa  a^Ardu-Belit  ....  ^M-na  duppi 
sa  a'Ardu-Belit  '''sa-at-ru  su-lu-u  kat  "'Amel-dMarduk  duppi  su-ma- 
ti  ma-^i-ir  is-si-ra-am-ma  a-na  "» '^  Marduk-nasir  i-nam-din  (in).  ^^30 
birum  sa  istu  tamtim  il-ku-ni(?)  ana  Mar-'"ki-lam-da-ku  ka-an-gu  a-na 
e-risi  u  tu-ur-ri  na-ad-nu  duppi  su-ma-ti  [ma-hi-ir].  ^®  is-si-ra-am-ma 
a-na  '"  <i  Marduk-nasir  i-uam-din(iu)  1  alpu  Mar-i" '^Adad-sa-kini-ta 
.  .  .  .  itti-su  i-nam-din(in)  a-na    '" 'iNiu-ib-iddiua(na).  ''"birum   sa 

i-na  satti  15  ^^i"  istu  tamtim  il-ku-ni  itti  sa  67  birum  536  gur  seum  sa  1 
alpu  8  gur  seum  sa  "^  Dispu-E-kur  i-si-ru  ....  "  sa  satti  10  a-na 
™  '1  Marduk-nasir  ru-ud-du  u  30  birum  sa  a-na  ri-mu-ti  na-adnu  su-lu-u. 
*- alpu  coll  so-Gi  sa  i-na  kat  a'^si  pa-te-sipi  mali-ru-u-ma  a-na  la-ta-ki  pa- 
ak-du  2  m  d  Marduk-nasir  2  m 'iNin-ib-mu-bal-li-it.  "1  m  Amel-dMar- 
duk  1  m  JJa-an-bu  1  "^  Mu-kal-lim  napbaru  7  alpuc^'H  su-gi  a-na  la-ta-ki 
pa-ak-du  u-kab  (?)-ba?  "15  birum  sa  a-na  pa-te-sipi  u  ^a-za-na-ti  i-na 
satti  5fkau]  iprxi  a-na  e-ri-si  u  tu-ur-ri  mah-rum  duppi  su-ma-ti-su-nu 
"^  A^-iddina  (na)-dMarduk  [ma-hi-ir].        *"is-si-ra-am-ma  i-nam-din. 

Translation:  Total,  719  young  oxen  [or  perhaps  to  be  read  simply 
"cattle"  in  all  cases],  the  property  [literally  "treasure"]  of  the  temple(?). 
In  addition,  2  which  Mar-Ahliu  bought(?);  in  addition,  140  belonging  to 
Bab-mini  (Gate  of  numbering  ....  [x]  from  the  sea  (country)  and 
Dftr-Kurigalzu  brought  and  gave  .  .  .  .  ;  in  addition,  21  which  Amel- 
Marduk  received  and  gave  to  [x]  ....  which  Marduk-na,.sir  collected 
for  him(?);  together  with  60  which  Mar-Lakitziela(??)  received  and  dis- 
tributed among  the  farmers;  together  with  30  ...  .  together  with  30 
which  were  given  for  the  purchase  of  men;  together  with  69  which  the 
patesis  of  ...  .  gave;  in  addition,  4  which  to  Bel-uza  .  .  .  .  ;  in  addi- 
tion, 13,  apportioned  amoug(?)  the  men  and  servants  of  the  king;  together 
with  1,  an  offering  to  Istar  ....  and  29  hides  delivered  by  Marduk- 
nasir  (2  hides  short),  the  hides  due  from  the  herdsmen,  together  with  5 
which  were  paid  and  delivered  in  the  year  14  [cf.  XIV,  136,  14,  27].  One 
herd(?),  Taribi-ilu;  1  herd,  Huzalum;  in  addition,  3  which  were  given 
and  delivered  in  the  year  12.  Total  (?)  5(?)  for  gathering  (?)  by?  ...  . 
Twenty-six  young  oxen  which  were  brought  from  the  sea  (country)  by 
Marduk-nasir  in  the  year  7;  when  he  receives  the  tablet  with  the  names, 
he  shall  inclose  it(?)  [or  perhaps,  "check  it  up"]  and  to  ....  In  addi- 
tion, 19  which  Amel-Marduk  drove  to  the  city  of  Ardu-B6lit  ....  In 
addition,  8(?)  which  Ninib-muballit  wrote  on  his  tablet  [that  is,  made  an 
inventory  of  them  on  his  tablet]  ....  In  addition,  12  which  Iddiua- 
Nergal  drove  to  him  (to  Ninib-muballit?),  taking,  in  addition,  160  gur 
of  grain  for  20  oxen,  8  our  per  ox,  which  Ibni-KUR  gave  for  ....  25 
young  oxen,  belonging  to  the  town  of  Dfir-Kurigalzu,  which  were  given 
in  the  year  17  for  farming  and  turri.  Together  with  24  [given]  for  the 
farming  of  the  town  of  Ardu-Belit,  ....  on  the  tablet  of  Ardu-Belit 


30  Temple  Documents  from  the  Cassite  Period 

the  account  of  them  is  written,  they  were  dehvered  by  Amel-Marduk. 
When  he  receives  the  tablet  with  the  names,  he  shall  inclose  it(?)  [or 
perhaps,  as  above]  and  give  it  to  Marduk-nasir.  Thirty  young  oxen 
which  were  brought  from  the  sea  (country)  and  given  to  Mar-Kilamdaku, 
the  notary,  for  farming  and  turri.  When  he  receives  the  tablet  with 
the  names,  he  shall  inclose  it(?)  [or  perhaps,  as  above]  and  give  it  to 
Marduk-nasir.  One  ox  Mar-Adad-sakimta  [gave]  ....  with  it  he  shall 
give  to  Ninib-iddina.  The  young  oxen  which  were  broxight  from  the 
sea  (country)  in  the  year  15,  together  with  these  67  oxen  536  gur  of 
grain,  8  our  per  ox,  the  grain  Dispu-Ekur  gathered  ....  [a*  young 
oxen]  of  the  year  10,  driven  to  Marduk-nasir,  and  30  young  oxen  which 
were  paid  and  delivered,  for  salaries.  Old  oxen  which  were  received 
from  the  patesis  and  kept  for  ....(?)  2,  Marduk-nasir;  2,  Ninib- 
muballit;  1,  Amel-Marduk;  1,  Hanbu;  1,  Mukallim;  total,  7  old  oxen 
kept  for  .  .  .  .  (?).  Fifteen  young  oxen  which  were  received  in  the  year 
5,  for  the  patesis  and  hazannu,  as  wages  for  farming  and  turri.  When 
Ah-iddina-Marduk  receives  the  tablet  with  their  names,  he  shall  inclose 
it(?)  [or  perhaps,  as  above]  and  give  it  over. 

The  reverse  of  this  tablet  gives  the  sources  from  which  the 
temple  received  its  herds,  and  the  disposal  made  of  them.  Most 
of  the  large  herds  owned  by  the  temple  no  doubt  were  received 
in  payment  of  taxes,  or  as  gifts.  These  herds  were  then  hired 
out  and  brought  in  a  large  revenue. 

The  rendering  of  isiramma  is  uncertain.  "Inclose  it"  was 
given  in  view  of  esiri  sa  duppi;  cf.  Muss-Arnolt,  DAL,  and 
Delitzsch,  HWB.  On  the  other  hand,  it  seems  as  though  the 
alternative  tra^islation  offered  would  fit  the  context  better;  cf. 
XIV,  99,  which  follows. 

XIV,  99:  "The  numbering  of  large  and  small  cattle  which? 
Bel  .  .  .  .  "  (mi-nu  lid-gud-sun  u  senu  sa  ^^^Bel  ....). 
Then  follow  the  lists  of  bulls,  cows,  etc.,  and  at  the  right-hand 
side  no  doubt  stood  the  names  of  the  herdsmen  in  charge.  Occa- 
sionally we  find  a  line  where  no  numbers  are  recorded,  but  the 
words  ul  i-ti-ik,  "he  did  not  take  out,"  are  inserted.  This 
means  that  the  herdsman  did  not  take  out  any  cattle  at  that  time. 
L.  16,  "In  the  year  11  of  Kadasman-Turgu,  in  addition,  his  large 
cattle  inspected  (?  it-ta-an-ba  or  ma-ar)  at  Nippur."  This 
note  may  be  incomplete  and  is  consequently  more  obscure  than 
such  notes  usually  are.  L.  23,  "In  addition,  3  full-grown  cows 
and  1  three-year-old  cow,  belonging  to  Ilu-majjhi.  In  addition, 
1  full  grown  cow  and  12  calves  belonging  to  a;."  Notes  like 
these  seem  to  bear  out  the  translation  of  adi  as  'in  addition.' 


Temple  Documents  from  the  Cassite  Period  31 

At  the  head  of  this  tablet  stands  the  name  of  Bel  .  .  .  .  ,  who 
had  charge  of  the  flocks  and  herds.  To  the  side  belong  the 
names  of  the  herdsmen  who  tended  the  herds.  The  numbers 
after  adi  perhaps  represent  the  cattle  or  sheep  belonging  to 
another  overseer,  but  at  the  time  of  counting  in  the  care  of  these 
herdsmen.  L.  31,  '"Gi-mil-lum  i-si-ra  dup-pi  su-ma-a-ti 
i-na  Gi  gur-im-ma  kam-sa-at;  cf.  below,  p.  35. 

Rv.  ^  In  addition,  19  which  he  took  out;  in  addition,  4  cows;  in  addi- 
tion, 87  three-year-old  oxen,  etc.  ^"  Driven  [to  some  town]  and  sold 
[literally,  business  conducted,  nikasu  ipsu],  together  with  4  which 
were  taken  to  Nippur,  and  received  by  Irimsu-Ninib;  together  with  .... 
^'aud  50  hides,  as  many  as  he  received,  he  delivered  (50  masku  ma -la 
il-ka-a  su-lu-u).  ^^In  addition,  19,  which  he  took  out;  in  addition, 
4  cows,  together  with  40  young  oxen,  which  through  Istar-nisu  in  the 
year  12  were  .  .  .  .  *°  were  taken  and  received  by  Irimsu-Ninib,  together 
with  20  which  were  overdue  (lal)  and  collected  (is-ru;  cf.  XV,  199 
above)  in  the  year  13  and  to  ....  ^'  11  four-year-old  oxen,  13  three- 
year-old-oxeu,  etc.,  total  32.  "In  addition,  24  which  he  took  out;  in 
addition,  8  cows,  together  with  11  which  were  due  from  the  year  13  (itti 
11  sa  i-na  satti  13  lal  ma),  these  he  gathered  and  drove  to  the  dis- 
trict of  ...  .  (is-ru-ma  a-na  pi-ha[-at  (  )  ru-ud-du-u])  [cf.  1.  40 
above].  *^42  young  oxen,  which  were  received  from  Istar-nisu  in  the 
year  12,  and  (driven)  to  Nippur.  "  42  oxen,  sa(b)-gud  of  6  fields  (h  a  r  -  b  e , 
cf.  below,  p.  35)  of  the  city  of  Tukulti-Belit.  ''^48  oxen,  sa(b)-gud  of  9 
fields  (har-be)  of  the  patesis  of  the  new-land(?)  around  the  towns  of 
Kar-Bel  and  ....  *® 43  oxen,  sa(b)-qud  of  7  fields  (har-be),  together 
with  5,  which  Gimillum  received  in  the  year  13.  ^'6  oxen,  sa(b)-gud  for 
hadali,  in  the  possession  of  Gimilli;  in  addition,  1  which  Subarti  re- 
ceived from  ....***....  and  1  two-year-old  cow,  a  small  one  (?  ta- 
feu-u)  sa  si-ma-at  uz-ni  pa-al-tu.  ^''4  young  oxen,  still  due  as 
per  contract  (?  ib-kid  ri-ik-si),  through  Ninib-nadin-sum  they  shall  be 
....  on  the  5th  of  the  12th  month. 

L.  50:  From  here  on  we  have  the  accounts  of  the  small  cattle. 
LI.  51-54  state  that  no  flocks  were  taken  out  since  the  fourth 
year  of  Kadasman-Turgu.  L.  65,  "  .  .  .  .  small  cattle  of  the 
increase  (si-bi-ti)  of  the  town  of  Tukulti-Bel  and  .  .  .  .  "  L. 
65  ...  .  the  tablet  with  the  names  i-na  gi  gur-im-ma ;  cf.  above. 
XIV,  99a.-  This  document  gives  a  list  of  the  cattle  in  the  hands 
of  certain  herdsmen,  nakidu,  bazannu,  and  kassti.  The 
nakidu  ("^pb)  was  the  actual  herdsman.  The  bazannu  was  of 
higher  rank  and  had  charge  of  a  number  of  nakidu;  cf.  XV,  90, 
109,  128,  199;  XIV,  99a,  123,  137;  and  Godbey,  Officials,  p.  34. 
The  kassti  was  probably  the  royal  overseer.     That  they  were  the 


32  Temple  Documents  from  the  Cassite  Period 

representatives  of  the  Cassite  kings  is  perhaps  to  be  seen  in  their 
names,  Kilamdu,  Sadbar^u  (XV,  6,  3),  etc.  L.  4:  Totals,  sum- 
ming up  the  number  of  cattle  in  the  pi -hat  of  Ilu-ahu-iddina. 
The  pihat  was,  no  doubt,  the  district  of  which  Ilu-ahu-iddina 
had  charge.  This  does  not  conflict  with  the  explanation  of  the 
office  of  the  kassti.  The  Cassite  Dynasty  left  the  local  govern- 
ment in  the  hands  of  Babylonians,  naturally  such  as  were  loyal 
to  them.  But  this  does  not  exclude  the  possibility  that  they  had 
men  of  their  own  nationality  stationed  over  the  country,  who  would 
look  after  their  interests  and  see  that  the  taxes  were  properly 
paid.  We  have  a  parallel  to  this  in  Egyptian  history;  cf. 
Breasted,  History  of  Egypt,  p.  162;  cf.  also  p.  494  for  the  herds 
of  the  temple.  The  meaning  of  lam-ma-nu,  1.  5,  is  not  clear; 
cf.  XV,  199,  21,  22,  below. 

The  second  series  of  totals,  1.  7,  make  up  the  pi -hat  of  Samas- 
nadin-ahe.  LI.  8  and  9,  "besides  3,  which  he  took  out;"  cf. 
XIV,  99.  ul  i-ti-ik,  cf.  ibid.  "In  addition,  1  tab-kir-ti,"  see 
p.  33,  below.  "In  addition,  15  two-year-old  oxeji  from  Babmini, 
year  11.  In  addition,  2  cows,  and  5  zi-ga  (taken  away?).  Hides, 
as  many  as  he  received,  he  delivered."  L.  11:  "10  six-year-old 
oxen,  for  carrying  the  salary  (in  grain,  etc.)  of  the  rikku  and 
KA-ziD-DA  officials.  They  are  in  the  care  of  Samas-nadin-ah6." 
L.  12:  "14  ditto,  in  the  charge  of  Ilu-ahu-iddina."  L.  13: 
"Total,  329,  (the  herd  of)  the  high-priestess."  LI  17  fP.  con- 
tain notes  to  the  preceding  lists:  "16  six-year-old  oxen,  etc.; 
total,  83  young  oxen,  the  property  (na-kam-tum;  cf.  above)  of 
Mar-Dini(ni)-Samas,  in  the  hand  of  Bel-bel-nisesu."  The  pre- 
ceding totals  make  up  the  pihat  of  Bel-bel-nisesu.  "In  addition, 
55  which  he  took  out;  11  cows;  15  two-year-old  oxen  from  Bftb- 
mini,  year  11;  24  one-year-old  oxen  and  1  cow.  which  were  exam- 
ined (inspected,  counted?)  in  Kar-Bel-matati"  (bu-uk-ku-ra 
bakaru;  cf.  Aramaic  npn ,  and  XIV,  168,  1.  55,  XIV,  128,  1.  2, 
tSTl.  If  taken  from  pakaru,  it  would  have  to  be  translated 
"reclaimed").  L.  19:  "together  with  16  hides  of  the  dead-cattle 
(Ri-Ri-GA  =  mikittu;  cf.  Clay,  Vol.  X,  p.  23),  as  many  as  he 
received,  he  delivered."  L.  20:  "12  oxen  sa(b)-gud;  in  addition, 
4  which  Bel-mukin-aplu  gave  to  Ntir-Samas  in  the  10th  year  of 
Kadasman-Turgu,  They  are  in  the  hand  of  Bel-bel-nisesu."  Cf. 
1.  17  above.  Sa(b)-gud  occurs  in  Reisner,  TUj  see  Worierver- 
zeichniss,  and  cf.  XIV,  99,  44  ff.     The  reverse  contains  lists  of 


Temple  Documents  from  the  Cassite  Period  33 

small  cattle,  the  totals  making  up  the  piljat  of  Samas-nadin-ahe 
and  B6l-b6l-nisesu.  The  last  two  columns  contain  the  number  of 
talents,  mana,  etc.,  of  wool  (?)  from  the  sheep;  cf.  Clay,  Vol.  X, 
p.  23,  from  which  we  see  that  wool,  hides,  sinews,  etc.,  were  the 
regular  products  from  flocks  and  herds.  L.  30:  "28  (za-bit-ti, 
cf.  above),  the  increase  of  the  year  11,  together  with  68  ...  . 
and  zi-GA  (cf.  above).  (Total)  28  delivered  for  salary  (ak-lu), 
up  to  the  28th  of  Arahsamna.  In  addition,  16  the  increase 
(za-bit-ti)  of  the  year  11,  together  with  6  (paid)  as  salary  and 
ZI-GA ;  and  3  hides,  as  many  as  he  received,  he  delivered."  L.  32: 
"  .  .  .  .  202  of  the  increase  (si-be-e-ti)  of  the  years  10  and  11," 
that  is,  which  are  the  increase  of  these  years.  The  translation  of 
si-bit-ti,  za-bit-ti,  and  si-be-e-ti  as  "increase"  is  offered 
with  reserve.  L.  33:  "Totals,  the  flocks  of  the  high-priestess." 
LI.  35  ff. :  Similar  lists,  making  the  pib'it  of  Bel-bel-nisesu.  "In 
addition  21,  the  increase  of  the  year  11,  together  with  16  ki-is- 
bii"  (perhaps  to  be  read,  "less*  16,  which  were  killed?").  L.  46: 
"The  numbering  of  the  large  and  small  cattle  of  the  priestesses, 
for  the  year  11  of  Kadasman-Turgu."-!- 

XIV,  168:  A  list  similar  to  the  foregoing.  The  heading  is 
broken  off,  but  the  three  lists  of  names  are  doubtless  those  of  the 
nakidu,  the  bazannu,  and  the  kassfl.  As  in  99ff,  obverse, 
there  is  a  list  of  gur  and  ka  of  butter.  L.  15,  end  of  a  note: 
"  .  .  .  .  which  (is)  at  the  disposal  of  (before)  the  pi]jati  of  the 
young  oxen;  ....  in  addition,  5  as  a  peace-offering  (?)  sul -ma - 
ni."  Perhaps  99rt,  1.  5,  should  be  read  sul-ma-ni.  L.  15,  right, 
presents  (peace-offerings,  sul-ma-na-tum)  from  the  year  6  to  the 
year  9."  L.  16,  right:  tab-ki-ir-tum  sa  ma-du-tu  u-pa-ak- 
ki-ru-ni,  "the  herd  which  many  (a  multitude?)  herded  (??), 
[cf.  bukkura,  above]  and  large  cattle  which  belong  to  Ina-Ekur- 
balatu,"  duppi  sumati  (mu-meI)  i-na  gi  gur-im-ma  ka-am- 
sa-at;  cf.  below,  p.  35.  L.  18:  "the  herd  (tab-ki-ir-tum)  of 
(from)  the  sea-country."  L.  20  begins  a  new  list  with  nftkidu 
only,  in  charge.  L.  21,  "Total,  60  cattle  the  property  (na-kam- 
tum)  of  Zabru."    L.  22,  notes:   "6,  which  he  took  out;  in  addition, 

*One  would  naturally  expect  EN  =  adi  to  mean  "thereto,"  "added."  and  TA  =  igtn, 
"therefrom,"  "subtracted."  Rut  after  takiiifj  all  the  passages  into  consideration  it  was 
decided  that  a  d  i  should  provisionally  be  translated  "  in  addition,"  and  ta=  i  1 1 1 ,  "  together 
with." 

tOf.  XIV,  89,  a  list  of  flocks  belonging  to  the  high-priestesa  (nin-dinoih-oal)  and 
the  inferior  priestess  (nin-dingie-tcr),  with  the  names  of  the  men  in  charge.  The  column 
of  mames  is  headed  za-k6r(T)- 1  urn.    Do  we  here  have  the  Semitic  equivalent  for  MC-Bl-Mi7 


34  Temple  Documents  from  the  Cassite  Period 

51  from  Bab-mini,  year  11 ;  in  addition,  3,  the  herd  (tab-kir-tum) 
of  Mar-Ina-Ekur-balatu,  from  the  sea-country,  together  with  the 
cows  brought (  ?)  from  the  city  Suri  [reading  istu  '^^Su-ri  li-ku- 
nim].  Cows  for  Ibnuti,  for  the  district  (pi-ha-[atj)  ,  .  .  . 
[duppi]  su-ma-a-ti  .  .  ,  ."  Cf.  below,  L.  23:  "7  large  cows, 
etc.,  which  are  at  the  disposal  of  the  pihati  of  the  young  oxen 
....  [accounted  for]  in  the  account-tablet  for  the  year  1,  driven 
to  the  ....  of  the  town  of  Kar-banuti,"  (sa  i-na  pa-an  pi- 
ba-ti  sa  birum  ....  i-na[dup-]sa-ra(  ?)  sa  satti  1  ^'^'^ 
a-na  mu-uh  mu(?)-ri-su  sa  ^^  Kar-ba-nu-ti  ru-ud-du-u). 
L,  24:  i-na  bu-di  a-na  sarri  nadnu  (nu)  itti  3  birum  a-na 
mu-uh  ....  (?)  ....  ru-ud-du-u  itti  1  ak-lu  u  8  masku 
ma-la  il-ka-a  su-lu-u:  "Given  to  the  king  as  per  contract  (  ?) 
[some  number  to  be  supplied  at  the  beginning  of  the  line] ,  together 
with  3  which  were  driven  to  ,...(?)  ;  together  with  1  for  salary ; 
and  8  skins,  as  many  as  he  received,  he  delivered."  L.  25:  "7 
cows,  (ceremonially)  clean  (  ?  ellitu,  azag-ga),  Nergal-a^u-iddina 
ki-mu  [see  1.  44]  Mar-za-ki-ri,  etc."  L.  26:  "These  make  up  the 
pibat  of  the  governors,  hazanati."  L.  33:  "1  three-year-old  ox 
....(?)....  belonging  to  Ninib-Bani,  together  with  x(?)  which 
were  accounted  for  in  the  account-tablet  for  the  year  10.  One 
two-year- old  cow  belonging  to  Taribi, ditto,  which  is  in  the  account- 
tablet,  ditto.  These  are  in  the  hand  of  ^umbanapir  at  Bab- 
mini  in  the  year  12."  L.  34:  "3  large  cows  which  were  accounted 
for  in  the  account-tablet  of  the  year  10,  under  the  name  [i.  e.,  as 
belonging  to]  (  ?  mu)  Hunnuni  and  given  in  the  charge  of  Nusku- 
nadin-sum  (a-na  ™*^  Nusku-nadin-sum  pa-ak-da)  ;  in  the  year 
11  he  did  not  take  them  out  for  esiri.  lamu  received  them  from 
Lultamruti."  L.  36:  "In  addition,  10,  which  he  took  out;  1  calf 
(?  isten  a-lit);  in  addition,  7  two-year-old  oxen,  at  Bab-mini, 
year  11;  together  with  11,  which  Irimsu-Ninib  divided  with  his 
partner,  (a-na  su-ta-pi-e  ....  u-za-i-zu)  in  the  year  11; 
and  4  skins,  as  many  as  he  received,  he  delivered."  L.  37:  "20 
oxen  sa(b)-gud  of  5  fields  (har-be,  see  below)  of  the  patesis. 
They  are  in  the  possession  of  Irimsu-Ninib."  L.  37:  "6  ditto 
belonging  to  (his)  partner,  in  the  possession  of  ditto."  L.  38: 
"19  young  oxen;  in  addition,  10  from  Bunna-Gula,  and  6  from 
Raba-sa-Nergal,  Irimsu-Ninib  received  in  the  year  11  for  himself 
and  partner;  they  are  in  the  hands  of  ditto  (Irimsu-Ninib),  of  the 
house,  estate  (bit)  of  Ninib-aplu-iddina"  (cf.  XIV,  131, 17).  L.  43: 


Temple  Documents  from  the  Cassite  Period  35 

"5  (two-year-old)  oxen;  in  addition,  1  e-si-ir-ti;  3  (cows);  in 
addition,  1  ditto  (esirti),  etc.,  which  were  accounted  for  in  the 
account-tablet  for  the  year  x,  under  the  name  [cf.  above,  1.  34]  of 
Nusku-z6r-iddina."  L.  44:  "The  herd  (tabkirtu  ?)  of  Zabru, 
Ki-MU  [cf.  1.  25],  Ninib-mulallim,  in  the  hand  of  Bunna-[Gula]." 
L.  45,  like  1.  36.  L.  51:  "Totals,  making  up  the  pihat  of 
Raba-sa-Nergal."  L.  52:  lists  of  asses,  3,  2,  1,  6,  5,  4,  3,  2,  and 
1-year-olds;  harnesses,  ('Ptillu)  nakidu,  ^azannu,  and  kassft. 
L.  55:  "  .  .  .  .  which  were  inspected  (bu-uk-ku-ra  [cf.  XIV, 
99a,  1.  17  above])  in  the  year  1.  The  tablet  of  the  names  with 
.  .  .  ."  This  note  shows  that  the  phrase  i-na  Gi  gur-im-ma  (cf. 
above,  p.  31)  consists  of  the  preposition  ina  and  perhaps  the 
word  kanu,  "reed,"  with  a  verb.  One  would  expect  the  over- 
seers to  receive  tablets  from  the  temple  occasionally,  giving  the 
number  of  cattle  which  were  let  out  and  the  names  of  the  men  in 
charge.  The  overseer  would  receive  such  a  tablet,  check  it  up 
after  going  over  the  flocks  and  herds,  and  return  it  to  the  temple. 
This  may  be  what  the  phrase  implies.  It  is  offered  merely  as  a 
suggestion;  cf.  the  following:  L.  58:  .  .  .  .  a-na  ma-ha-ri-e 
bu-uk-ku-du  duppi  su-ma-a-ti  i-na  kat(?)u-di-e  sa  har- 
rtlni  kam-sa-at.  None  of  the  meanings  assigned  to  kamftsu 
seems  to  fit  in  this  phrase.  Ud©  sa  barrftni,  "utensil  for  the 
road,"  "  traveling-bag ( ?),"  or  some  such  meaning,  must  be 
assigned.  The  word  dup-sa-ra  is  new.  It  is  related  to  dub- 
SAR  just  as  musaru  is  to  mu-sar.  Its  meaning  is  clear.  The 
word  esirti  gives  difficulty.  We  have  esiri  in  the  documents 
which  have  to  do  with  cattle.  XIV,  131  perhaps  gives  the 
explanation  of  the  word.  This  document  gives  a  list  of  lambs 
and  kids  which  make  up  the  e-sir-tum  of  the  high -priestess. 
This  may  mean  the  "  flock,"  but  it  is  more  likely  that  it  refers  to 
the  increase,  lambs  and  kids,  from  the  flock.  Ana  esiri  may 
then  mean  "for  breeding."  5arbu  and  ki-mu:  For  these  words 
the  following  is  significant:  XV,  144:  "As-AN-NA  grain,  the  full 
tax,  which  Martuku  received  for  seed  (^®z6r),  sowing,  in  Dfir- 
Nusku,  from  Marduk-nftdin-sum,  son  of  Irlmsu-Ninib.  It  was  dis- 
posed of  as  follows:  10  GUR  for  the  ki-mu  of  Mar-Airi,  5  gur  for 
the  KI-MU  of  Ibiii-Uruk,  4  and  10  gur  for  ^^bal  of  Etil-pI-Ninib, 
2  GUR  for  the  sowing  of  2  ijar-bu  of  Martuku,  2  gur  for  the  sow- 
ing of  Nusku-ibni,  18  gur  for  9  ijar-bu  of  B6l-mukin-aplu,  90  ?A 
seed-grain  which  Libur-nadinsu  received  in  Zarat-iM."     In  XIV, 


36  Temple  Documents  fkom  the  Cassite  Period 

56a  we  have  a  series  of  payments  of  salaries,  wages,  etc.  L,  4, 
"for  fodder  for  50  oxen."  L.  6,  "for  the  seed-grain  (i.  e.,  sowing) 
of  10  HAR-BU  of  the  patesis."     In  view  of  these  passages,  as  well  as 

XV,  144;  XIV,  56,  and  XIV,  99,  it  would  seem  as  though  harbu 
must  mean  afield  of  some  kind;  cf.  XIV,  118,  above;  also  ^arbuti, 
used  of  fields,  Johns,  ADD,  III,  p.  131.  Johns  translates  the  word 
"waste,"  or  "cropped,"  stubble-land.     In  the  Labartu  texts  {ZA, 

XVI,  p.  176)  we  have  a  reference  to  this  word  in  an  oath  by  the 
kak-ki  har-bi  hasbi  zeri,  the  implements  of  the  field  and  the 
seed-pot.  If  1.  45  of  99  above  is  correctly  translated,  the  li-me-ti 
es-se-ti  might  point  to  a  meaning  like  "newly  reclaimed  land." 
The  more  general  word  "field"  has  been  used  in  the  above  trans- 
lations.    The  use  of  ki-mu  in  XV,  144  and  XIV,  99,  1.  28 ;  168, 

I.  25,  and  the  above  passages,  points  to  a  similar  meaning  of  "field" 
or  "estate."  On  the  other  hand,  XV,  196,  16  and  135,  7,  must 
contain  a  different  word. 

XIV,  132:  "[The  numbering]  of  small  cattle  which  .  .  .  . 
Marduk,  the  king's  chief  officer  (*°^^^sag  sarri),  witnessed,  (u- 
kin-nu)  in  the  year  6  of  Sagarakti-Surias,  and  in  the  year  7  sa- 
pi-ki-ni  ....  [The  break  comes  at  the  beginning  of  1.  3  and 
makes  a  translation  impossible],  and  the  dead  (Ri-Ri-GA  =  mi- 
kittu;  cf.  XIV,  99a,  19)  the  shepherds  reported  before  the  god." 
(a-na  mahri  ili  is-bu-ru  ;  the  meaning  of  this  is  clear  from 
§  266  of  the  Code  of  Hammurabi. )  The  columns  are  headed : 
la  a-na  e-si-ri  kun-nu  (?),  which  were  inspected  with  refer- 
ence to  the  increase;  sa  a-na  mah-ri  ili  sab-ru,  which  were 
reported  before  the  god — that  is,  dead  or  missing.  Over  the 
names  stands  "the  shepherds  of  the  god."  L.  10:  iM-BE  =  siru 
=  "hedge,"  here,  perhaps,  "shepherd's  lodge."  The  same  word 
occurs  in  11.  24,  36,  41,  44,  46,  47,  51.  With  it  occurs  gal-ia-ti. 
That  they  do  not  belong  together  as  one  ideogram  is  seen  from 

II.  16,  46.  LI.  12,  16,  17  are  similar.  L.  16:  "With  Ilu-kidini, 
son  of  Badani,  the  shepherd  of  Bit-Malawi  u-kam-su"  (cf. 
kamsat,  above).  LI.  43,  53,  gar  mat  u-pi-i;  cf.  ^^Upi  =  Opis. 
L.  48,  e-sir-tum;  cf.  above. 

XIV,  136:  "The  balance-sheet  of  the  accounts  of  the  priest- 
esses which  Amel-Marduk,  the  tig-en-na  of  Nippur,  audited 
before  ....  in  the  month  Abu,  of  the  year  9  of  Sagarakti- 
Surias."  (ri-ha-nu  sa  dub-sar-mes  sa  nin-dingir-mes  sa 
"^ Amel-**Marduk  tig-en-na  en-lil-[ki]   i-na*''*^  Aibi  sa  satti 


Temple  Documents  from  the  Cassite  Period  37 

9'^''*°  Sa-t^a-ra-ak-ti-Sur-ia-ag  i-na  mu^bi  ....  ii-kin- 
uu.)  This  heading  is  followed  by  columns  headed,  "grain  of 
the  10  KA  tax,"  "sesame,"  "butter,"  "wool,"  and  another  product 
that  was  measured  by  weight.  Some  of  the  figures  are  broken, 
but  enough  remain  to  justify  the  interpretation  given.  Taking 
the  wool  account,  col.  4,  it  reads: 


Talents 

Mana 

Names  of  Persons 

5 

41 

51 

163^ 

48 

49 

68 

42 

Total      174  28J  Balance  diie  (lal-ni)  from  the  shep- 

herds. 

XIV,  1176;  The  first  line  is  probably  to  be  read  immoru 
pak-du;  cf.  1.  11.  "Total  4,  intrusted  to  (pak-du)  Kudurani." 
XV,  78:  "The  hides  for  the  years  16  and  17,  received  at  Nippur 
in  Nisan  of  the  year  18."  The  obverse  is  taken  up  with  an 
account  of  skins  of  sheep,  ewes,  lambs,  etc.,  together  with  the 
names  of  the  shepherds  who  were  responsible  for  their  delivery 
to  the  temple  (sulti,  to  be  understood).  The  columns  are 
headed  kA  and  NU.  The  meaning  of  the  first  is  not  clear.  The 
second,  of  course,  negatives  the  statement  contained  in  kA.  kA 
is  used  parallel  to  ki-lal  in  XIV,  123a.  L.  9  gives  the  totals 
and  grand  totals  of  the  hides  due  from  the  pihat  of  Raba,-sa- 
Nergal.  The  reverse  gives  a  list  of  ta^-sa  received  and  not 
received,  together  with  the  names  of  the  herdsmen,  as  above. 
The  tabs  a  are  weighed  by  the  mana,  etc.  The  word  is  perhaps 
to  be  translated  as  "leather;"  cf.  Muss-Arnolt,  DAL,  under 
gabsu  and  tabsu,  for  references.  For  the  value  of  skins  in 
exchange,  cf.  XV,  21,  29,  from  which  we  see  that  16  sheep-skins 
are  worth  2  KA  of  oil. 

XIV,  104:  "Butter,  of  the  6  ?A  tax,  year  ic  .  .  .  .  3  gur  11 
?A  paid  by  Raba-sa-[Nergal].  Total  3  gur  11  KA  (paid  for  the 
[highj-priestess)  ;  this  (which)  Irlmsu-Ninib  received  in  the 
year  13  of  Kadasman-Turgu,  brought  it  (caused  it  to  enter)  to 
the  'house  of  the  seal'  (bit  »*'*°  dub),  and  sold  (?)  it  for  4  ves- 
sels of  wine  (bi-us?)."  Sa-pi-ik,  cf.  Tallquist,  Sprache  Naho- 
nidus,  abjlku;  a  permansive  Shaphel?  XIV,  116:  See  under 
receipts.  XV,  167,  is  perhaps  a  list  of  payments  of  sheep  to 

the  temple.         XIV,  10:  Cattle  let  out  (?)   by,  or  given  to  the 


38  Temple  Documents  from  the  Cassite  Period 

temple.  The  columns  have  no  headings.  The  notes  must  refer 
to  some  such  transfer  of  tablets  as  is  mentioned  in  the  notes  to 
XIV,    168,   etc.,    above.  XIV,   94:     "Sheep- wool   which   was 

received  from  the  shepherds  on  the  13th  of  Ulul  of  the  year  7  of 
Kadasman-Turgu.  The  wool  is  from  the  years  6  and  7.  Total, 
1  talent,  2  mana  received  by  Raba-sa-Nergal.  Two  garments  [cf. 
XIV,  157]  belonging  to  Mar-Abiensi,  Raba-sa-Nergal  received 
this  day  (in  payment  of?)  arrears  in  sheep- wool."  Sheep,  etc., 

are  paid  as  salary  in  XV,  1,  2,  9,  21,  23,  65,  79. 

III.     the  disbursements  of  the  temple 

1.   The  documents  relating  to  salaries, 
a)   Receipts  for  aklum. 

(1)  Innannu. — This  oflBcial  is  first  mentioned  in  a  document 
dated  in  the  thirteenth  year  of  Kurigalzu  (XIV,  23).  But,  as 
Professor  Clay  has  pointed  out  (XV,  p.  2)  all  the  tablets  (with 
one  exception)  of  Innannu  belong  to  the  reign  of  Kurigalzu,  so 
that  the  aklum,  and  other  texts  with  the  name  of  Innannu  on 
them,  are  to  be  dated  in  this  reign.  If  we  had  all  the  tablets  of 
the  temple  archives,  we  should  probably  have  a  much  larger  list 
of  aklum  tablets,  covering  the  salary  payments  of  the  entire 
term  of  oflSce  of  Innannu,  Martuku,  and  the  other  officials.  XV, 
8  and  9  are  consecutive.  They  state  that  on  the  27th  of  the  3d 
month,  year  2  of  Kurigalzu,  Innannu  received  as  salary,  24  gur 
71  KA  of  grain.  This  was  due  him  for  the  period  from  the  13th 
day  of  the  2d  month  to  the  27th  day  of  the  3d  month,  that  is,  for 
1  month  and  14  days.  The  next  tablet  gives  the  salary  for  a 
period  of  5  days,  from  the  27th  of  the  3d  month  to  the  2d  of  the 
4th  month.  The  nature  of  the  payments  makes  it  impossible  for 
us  to  estimate  the  yearly  salary  of  an  official.  The  text  XV,  1 
shows  that  under  aklum  is  included  kurmat  sise,  "horse- 
feed."  Clay  (XIV,  p.  29)  recognizes  the  fact  that  aklum  is 
more  general  than  our  word  "salary."  Perhaps  it  would  be  best 
translated  by  our  expression  "salary  and  expenses;"  cf.  XV,  1,  2, 
65,  137;  XV,  48c,  1.  3,  ripsu  u  ba-za-za. 

(2)  Martuku,  the  successor  of  Innannu  (XV,  p.  2). — XV,  12: 
salary  receipt,  with  date  and  place  given.  In  many  of  these 
salary  receipts  we  have  the  place  mentioned.  Either  the  salary 
was  taken  to  him  from  Nippur,  or,  more  probably,  the  official 
drew  upon  the  local  granary  or  "subtreasury"  of  the  temple,  at 


Temple  Documents  fbom  the  Cassite  Period  39 

that  particular  place.  XV,  1-4;  XV,  16,  expenses  for  one  year. 

XV,  17:  "Paid  at  Selibi."  XV,  18:  aklum  omitted.  XV, 

23,  25:  Consecutive.  No.  23  gives  the  expenses  for  one  year, 
from  the  2d  month  of  the  8th  year  to  the  2d  month  of  the  9th 
year;  no.  25,  from  the  2d  month  of  the  9th  year  to  the  2d  month 
of  the  10th  year.  The  amounts  in  23  are  broken,  but  those 
in  25  give  us  an  opportunity  for  comparison  with  no.  16.  No. 
25  has  a  case  which  shows  that  these   tablets  are  receipts;    cf. 

XIV,  p.  9. 

(3)  Other  receipts.— XIV,  27,  55;  XIV,  71  contains  the  seal 
of  Rimuti,  who  acted  as  agent  for  Bel-Istar-*'^Zabi.  Of  a  similar 
nature  are  XIV,  78,  83.  XIV,  82:  seal  of  Rimuti;  cf.  XIV, 
71,  80,  87a.         XIV,  97,  "through  the  hand  of  gar-ri-ki(  ?)." 

XV,  60;  XV,  70;  XV,  79:  '1  immeru,  '1  buhadu,  'ak-lum, 
*biti-nu,  ''gar  barrani,  *siL-Li-gA.  Date,  and  seal  of  Susati: 
"1  sheep,  1  lamb,  expenses,  our  house,  food?  for  a  journey?  to? 
siL-Li-SA."  L.  4,  bitinu;  cf.  XV,  36,  19;  71,  6;  38,  2;  127,  5, 
etc.  L.  5,  GAR^akalu.  Aklum  not  in  receipts,  XV,  21,  1  (see 
below,  p.  40).  XV,  46:  "Flour  tax  of  ...  .  for  year  4, 
.  .  .  .  Sukal-abu-6ris  paid.  Payments  of  aklum  for  the  sec- 
ond Ulul,  Tasritu,  etc."  The  meaning  of  1.  9  is  not  clear:  "Total, 
1  GUR  unpaid  bargali  [ib-kid,  see  p.  23],  2  pi  unpaid  kip§,- 
tu?,  by  Sukal-abi-eris,"  Date.  XV,  74:  "Sheep  for  aklum" 
from(?)  different  places.  In  many  of  the  shorter  tablets  it  is 
impossible  to  tell  whether  the  amounts  mentioned  are  paid  to  or 
by  the  persons  mentioned.  When  town-names  take  the  place  of 
those  of  persons,  there  is  still  more  uncertainty.  XV,  45,  see 
p.  42;  XV,  90;  XIV,  61,  see  p.  41;  XIV,  64;  XIV,  133,  see 
p.  47;  XIV,  144;  XIV,  56a,  see  p.  41.  XIV,  167:  "Grain 
paid  for  the  expenses  of  the  years  24  and  25.  It  was  delivered 
to  (u-se-lu-u)  Ba'il-Marduk."  Then  follow  the  amounts  paid 
to  certain  individuals,  11.  3-7;  1.  8,  ''158  GUR  72  ]KA,  to  the  shrine 
of  Bel;"  1.  9,  "48  gur,  to  the  temple  of  Istar;"  1.  10,  "144  gur 
132  ka,  for  the  expenses  of  the  palace;  1.  11,  "61  gur  for  feeding 
fat  oxen  (alp6  niaruti;  cf.  alpu  SE,  below,  p.  45)  paid  to 
Abusina;"  1.  12,  "38  gur,  for  feeding  sheep;"  1.  13,  "83  gur 
119^  KA,  asbargalu"  (cf.  XIV,  p.  29) ;  1.  21,  "110  gur  106  ka  for 
feeding  birds(?);"  1.  22,  "4  gur,  for  the  board  of  the  arri" 
("bird-catcher?");  1.  26,  "12  gur,  for  syrup  (ta-ba-a-tum) ;" 
1.  27,  "140  GUR,  for  the  hire  and  feeding  of  oxen;"  1.  30,  "24 


J 
." 

3 


40  Temple  Documents  from  the  Cassite  Period 

GUR,  for  building  boats."  XV,  21:    "Oil,  of  the  6  ka  tax  paid 

for  expenses,  from  the  month  ....  of  the  year  2  to  the  month 
Ulul  of  the  year  .  .  .  .  "  L.  5,  6  ka,  the  price  of  two?  .  . 
1.  7,  "for  the  expenses  of  a  boat;"  1.  12,  "for  a  lamb  .  .  . 
1.  12,  "for  'anointing'  (pas^si)  horses;"  1.  28,  "for  16  sheep- 
skins;" 1.  29,  "1  KA  for  6  vessels"  (used  for  incantations;  cf. 
Muss-Arnolt,  DAL,  p.  710);  1.  32,  "for  taking  out  (?susi 
[si]);"  1.  34,  mar-lja-su,  from  "iTll  ;  1.  40,  "  for  greasing  6 
sheepskins  of  ....  "  (6  masku  immeru  sa  ni(?)-ra-ti 
pa-sa-si). 

A  word  similar  in  meaning  to   aklum  is  ku-kar;    cf.  XIV, 
p.  28.  XV,  3,  cf.  p.   18  of  the  introduction  to  the  volume. 

XV,  19:  LI.  13  ff.,  rimutum,  ku-mun  (see  below)  and  ku-kar 
are  included  in  the  one  term  rimutum  (see  below)  in  the  total, 
1.  18.  In  XV,  21,  7,  we  have  a  reference  to  the  ku-kar,  "ex- 

penses," of  a  chariot.  XV,  36,  4,  5;  see  p.  43.  XV,  42: 
similar  to  36.  XV,  48:    "Grain  of  the  full  tax  which  Kisahbut 

received  (mi-tab-bu-ru  permans,  I,  2,  maharu).  It  was  for 
the  expenses  (ku-kar)  of  the  rikku -officials."  XV,  52:    LI. 

19  ff.,  ku-kar  payments.  XV,  62:     payments  of   ku-kar,  in 

the  form  of  ^^bar  and  as-an-na.  XV,  86:  a  receipt  for  2  gur 
of  grain  as  ku-kar.  XV,  114:  ditto.  XV,  122:  an  account, 
including  an  entry  of  ku-kar  of  Restusu,  received  for  him  by 
Sin-issahra.  XV,  124:  receipt  of  ku-kar.  LI.  7  f.:  "The 
pay  he  shall  receive  and  ga  ta?  return,  u-ta-ar."  XV,  126: 

ditto.  XV,    129:     ditto.  XV,    135:     payments,    including 

ku-kar,  1.  3.  XV,  138:  receipt  of  ku-kar.  XV,  139:  ditto. 
XIV,  17:    receipt  of  AS-AN-NA  as  ku-kar.  XIV,  62:    payments 

of   wages,  etc.  XIV,  65:    "Grain   taken   from  Duniahi,  and 

paid  for  ku-kar,  boat-rent,  ku-mun   (see  below),"  etc.  XIV, 

91:  "Grain  received  as  wages  for  grinding  flour  (a-na  ku-kar 
bazali    kime)."  XIV,  92:    L.  4,  ku-kar  of  a  scribe.     XIV, 

46rt;    payments  of  ku-kar.  XIV,  56«.-     "Grain  of  the  full 

tax  which  was  paid  at  the  town  of  Zarat-iM  from  the  7th  month 
of  the  12th  year  to  the  1st  month  of  the  13th  year.  It  was 
taken  out  of  the  revenues  of  the  12th  year  of  Nazimaruttas." 
LI.  4  and  6,  cf.  above,  p.  85.  L.  7,  ku-kar  of  a  rikku-official. 
L.  8,  ditto  of  a  ka-zid-da  official.  XIV,  99a.-  L.  11,  "10  oxen 
for  carrying  the  ku-kar  of  the  rikku  and  ka-zid-da  officials." 
XIV,  114a.-   receipt. 


Temple  Documents  from  the  Cassite  Period  41 

KU-MUN  seems  to  be  another  word  for  "salary;"  cf.  XV,  19, 
16;  XIV,  23,  1;  XIV,  65,  13. 

Rimutu,  literally  "grace,"  then  "present,  gift;"  in  these 
texts  a  general  term  for  "salary."  The  best  example  is  in  XV, 
19,  13  ff.;  cf.  above,  p.  40.  XV,  128,  5,  6;  XIV,  61,  3;  XIV, 
62,  16;    XIV,  79,  7;  XIV,  95;  XIV,  56a,  29;  XIV,  91rt,  53; 

XIV,  154,  1. 

Ipru,  se-ba,  "wages."  XIV,  91a.-  a  long  list  of  payments 
to  artisans.  XIV,  62:    a  similar  list  of  payments  to  certain 

"families,"  kin-ni.  Food  for  5  kurku  birds;  rimtitum  and 
KU-KAR.  XV,  1:  cf.  Introd.,  p.  20.  XV,  2:  cf.  ibid.,  p.  19. 

XV,  8:  similar  to  1.  XV,  18:  ditto.  XV,  25:  flour,  etc., 
paid  as  salary  (aklu)  out  of  the  tax  levied  for  wages,  ipru. 
XV,  79;  XIV,  60:  translated,  p.  35.  XIV,  79:  cf.  p.  23, 
under  telitum. 

The  ideogram  kin-SIK  is  to  be  considered  as  similar  in  mean- 
ing to  KU-KAR,  SE-BA  and  the  other  words  for  "salary."  XIV, 
35:  "4  GUR  90  ka  of  grain  out  of  the  kin-sik  revenue  (gis-bar 
KIN-SIK,  cf.  GIS-BAR  SE-BA,  etc.)  Nusku-malik-ilani  received  from 
Innannu  at  K^r-Astabbakantuk  as  fodder  for  the  horses  of  B6l- 
alsah.  Date.  On  the  day  of  harvest  Nusku-malik-ilani  shall 
return  (su-u-ta-a-ar)  the  grain  at  Pi-nari."  XIV,  81:  "120 
?A  (of  flour),  maintenance,  kin-sik  of  Rimutum  from  the  4th  (?) 
to  the  8th  day.  12  ka,  Ardu-Marduk,  the  sanu.  12  ka,  board, 
kurmatu,  Erba-Sukamuna."  L.  7:  "Total,  165  ka  of  flour, 
as  aklum."  XIV,  131:  L.  21:  "33  sheep  for  maintenance, 
kin-sik,  for  3  days.  In  addition,  5,  sar-kal(?)."  XIV,  145: 
"5  GUR  of  grain  out  of  the  kin-sik  revenue  which  Ilu-abi-iddina 
received  from  Gula-ib(ui)  at  Pinftri  and  gave?  his  seal(ed  docu- 
ment). 4  GUR  60  K A  at  ....  Mar-duk  ....  for  maintenance, 
KIN-SIK,  shall  ....  120  KA,  Ea-ibni  son  of  Ezia  at  Selibi  with 
the  4  GUR  60  KA  (mentioned  above)  shall  ....  Total  5  GUR  of 
grain  out  of  the  KIN-SIK  revenue  Ilu-ahi-iddina  shall  pay,  and 
his  seal(ed  document)  he  shall  take  and  destroy"  (ub-ta-as- 
sa-ra,  literally  "cut  off;"  that  is,  cut  or  break  off  the  sealed 
envelope).  XIV,  152:  a  list  of  payments.  L.  1,  kin-sik.  L. 
2,  "to  Hanbu."  L.  3,  "for  presents(  ?)."  Some  noun  from 
damftku.  L.  4,  si-el-lum  ;  cf.  sellu,  Delitzsch,  HWB,  p.  501, 
and  XV,  154,  44.  L.  5,  si-im-ri-is.  L.  6,  u-kul-tum.  L. 
8,  si-a,  dir.     L.  18:    "Total  29(?)  ka,  adi  se-ri,  paid  up  to 


42  Temple  Documents  from  the  Cassite  Period 

the  morning."  L,  25:  "For  3  kadii  birds;"  cf.  kadu  vessel 
or  bird.  L.  26:  "Total  x  ka  for  the  night,  sa  mu-si.  Grand 
total,  for  the  15th  day." 

2.  Simple  receipts.— XIY,  6,  9,  13,  15,  16,  17,  28,  29,  3(3,  35, 
86;  XIV,  74:  "i  mana  of  ornaments  for  a  bed."  XIV,  76,  84, 
90,  91,  96,  108,  1146,  114a,  147,  158,  160;  XIV,  72:  "1  talent 
of  sheep- wool,  the  price  of  4  gur  of  be-'-ti,  .  .  .  .  10  gur  of 
be-'-ta  they  returned  to  him."  The  connection  is  not  clear. 
Be-'-tu  is  no  doubt  the  Semitic  reading  of  one  of  the  many 
ideograms  found  in  these  texts.  XIV,  165:  "11  miskannu 
chairs  [cf.  XV,  6],  which  Pir'u-Sukal,  son  of  Hanibi  gave,  u-sa- 
am-hi-ir-su,  Ntir-Istar  in  payment  of  some  debt"  (a-na  ga- 
ma-ri  °^Nur-'^Istar).  XV,  11:  see  below.  XV,  22,  29; 
XV,  32:  "150  KA  of  ^i-nu"  (henna?  cf.  Thompson,  Devils  and 
Evil  Spirits,  II,  p.  170).  XV,  35,  38,  45,  57,  86,  87,  88,  110, 
114,  116,  117,  118,  121(?),  124,  125,  126,  129,  138,  139;  XV, 
161:  "40  GUR  of  grain,  the  price  of  a  chair  overlaid  (?)  with 
gold  (as-si  burasi)  ^  of  a  mana  in  weight."  The  chair  may 
have  been  the  seat  of  an  idol  in  a  shrine. 

3.  The  pay-rolls.  —  XIV,  58:  translated  by  Clay,  pp.  32  f. 
XIV,  19:  "  ....  •'i  (city-name),  year  13  of  Kurigalzu."  L.  2: 
"  .  .  .  .  gab  MEs  TUM,  Adaru,  Nisannu"  (nine  columns,  the 
headings  of  the  first  three  are  broken  away;  the  fourth  and  fifth 
are  to  be  restored  from  XIV,  22).  The  meaning  of  the  heading 
of  column  8  is  not  clear.  Perhaps  it  is  to  be  read  asabu,  "in  res- 
idence;" cf.  la  asabu.  The  heading  of  column  9,  mu-bi-im, 
occurs  very  frequently  in  these  texts;  cf.  Clay,  XIV,  p.  34,  and 
also  viii.  In  King,  CT,  V,  pi.  3  (translated  by  Hunger,  Becher- 
wahrsagung,  we  have  mu-bi-im  used  to  designate  the  "stanzas" 
of  the  incantation  formulae,  seventy-two  in  number.  While  mu- 
bi-im  no  doubt  refers  to  the  "names"  which  come  under  it,  it 
should  perhaps  be  translated  as  "index  or  list  of  names;"  cf. 
Egyptian  'imy  rnf.  XIV,  22:  similar  to  19.  The  month  is 
the  second  Adar.  XIV,  25;  XIV,  57:  For  the  heading  cf. 
Introd.,  p.  6.  The  grain  was  paid  out  as  board,  kurmatu,  for 
oxen  and  the  farmers  who  worked  with  them.  From  the  arrange- 
ment of  the  list  it  seems  that  the  farmers  worked  in  groups  of  three. 
XIV,  62 :  payments  of  wages  to  men  and  their  families.  XIV, 
65:  salaries,  rents,  etc.  XIV,  101,  102,  103  (101  and  103 
may  be  payments  to  the  temple);    XIV,   105:    monthly  wages. 


Temple  Documents  from  the  Cassite  Period  43 

XIV,  110:  From  1.  9  we  see  that  tablets  of  this  kind  are  pay- 
ments to,  and  not  by,  the  persons  named.  XV,  96:  cf.  Introd. 
to  Vol.  XV,  p.  21.          XV,   111,   1.   22:    wages  for  the  harvest. 

XV,  163:  salaries  for  certain  months,  paid  in  corn.  Most  of  the 
payments  are  to  women.  L.  28:  wages  of  8  women  of  the  god 
(the  kadistu),  [)aid  to  the  Banti.  LI.  52,  53:  duppi  sa  nu 
(ul)  sa-at-ra-at:  The  meaning  of  this  phrase  is  not  clear.  It 
is  evident  from  the  permansive  feminine  form  of  the  verb  that 
duppi  is  treated  as  a  feminine  noun;  cf.  duppi  ....  kamsat, 
above.  XV,  165:  payments  of  wages  to  slaves?  XV,  177 
and  178  are  fragments  of  pay-rolls.  XV,  180,  181,  183,  184, 
185,  186,  188,  190,  191,  194,  195,  198. 

XV,  4:  cf.  above  under  "Income."  XV,  33,  34:  perhaps 
payments  of  salaries  in  flour,  sheep,  etc.  The  meaning  of  e-li 
sarri  in  the  date  of  both  tablets  is  not  clear.  XV,  36:  "Grain 

of  the  full  tax  paid  at  the  storehouse  of  Astabbakantuk."  L.  4: 
"10  GUR  of  corn  as  salary  (ku-kar),  besides  1  gur  ma-at>-ri- 
ti."  This  refers,  perhaps,  to  a  gur  of  grain  due  at  some  former 
time,  but  not  paid  at  that  time.  LI.  16  f. :  a  note  concerning, 
"mu,  2  gur  of  AS-AN-NA  which  Restusu  received  in  the  month 
second  Adar,  and  for  which  he  gave  a  receipt  (?)  ka-na-ki." 
The  latter  may  be  a  place-name;  cf.  Pl-na-a-ri.  L.  17:  "3  gur 
of  AS-AN-NA  which  Kadi-da-bi-bi  received,  ma-[lji-ii"J-  The 
sealed  document  of  our  house  he  took  out  (su-si-i)."  For  mu 
cf.  XV,  152,  11.  XIV,  14:  payments  to  certain  persons.  XV, 
37:  cf.  Introd.  to  XIV,  p.  6.  XV,  38c;  "The  as-an-na  which 

was  paid  at  Kar- Astabbakantuk  as  5  ka  revenue."  From  the 
check-marks  and  the  note  at  the  end  it  seems  best  to  regard  the 
persons  mentioned  as  recipients.  The  note  reads:  "the  as-an-na 
grain  which  was  received  at  a  former  time  was  paid  to  the  royal 
family  (zer-6kalli)."  L.  19:  a  note,  "For  their  food  in  harvest- 
time  he  shall  give  it."  XV,  39:  "as-an-na  grain  which  was  paid 
out  of  the  ffrain  of  Irlmsu-Ninib  at  Kar-Astabbakantuk  as  5  ka 
revenue."  L.  5:  "48  ka  without  interest  (bu-bu-ut-tu-tum  ; 
cf.  p.  45)  by  the  hand  of  Ibni-Ea-sarru,  mftr-RAT  (cf.  p.  45)." 
L.  15:  ''jr  ka  to  Mitliasu  for  flour."  LI.  16  f.,  note:  "In  the 
transaction  the  flour  was  not  given  su-u-i-bal  (  ?)."  XV,  40: 
L.  5,  mas-sar-ti,  cf.  p.   45.  XV,  41:  L.  3,  "for  the  wages 

of  the  servants  of  our  house."  XV,  42:  cf.  p.  40.     L.  6,  "In 

addition,   1    gur    e-bi-ir-ta  sa   kat  "■"^^  rikk6  p'."     L.   14,  cf. 

7  •  •       •  7 


44  Temple  Documents  from  the  Cassite  Period 

below.  XV,  44:  cf.  p.  27.  For  11.  18-22  c£.  above,  p.  26. 
XV,  46:  cf.  pp.  23,  39.  XV,  47:  "Grain  of  the  full  tax  which 
was  paid  out  of  the  10  gur  mal-sar-ti  [cf.  p.  45]  of  the 
palace."  L.  5,  "for  the  great  expedition  to  Isin  (?)"  (a-na  ga 
--alaku  GAL  sa  I-si-in^^i).  L.  7,  cf.  XV,  39,  15.  L.  14,  cf. 
sibsu  above,  p.  23.  XV,  51:    L.  15,  "for  3  farmers  who  are 

with  the  oxen"  (cf.  XIV,  57).  XV,  52:  L.  7,  "for  wages  of 

3  pikdi,  herdsmen"  (but  cf.  XIV,  199).  XV,  53:   see  under 

AS-AN-NA,  p.  25.  XV,  56.  XV,  64:  L.  10,  "6  gur  60  ka 
still  due  the  rikku  official."  XV,  69:  "payment  of  salaries  from 
the  1st  to  the  2d  Ulul."  XV,  71:  salary  for  the  rikku  and  ka- 
ziD-DA  officials  for  certain  months.  L.  6,  "for  our  house,"  L.  7, 
"for  the  (our?)  wages  of  our  house,  Raba-sa-Nergal  received." 
L.  9,  "ki-i  kat  =  by  order  of."  XV,  73:  cf.  XIV,  57  and 
XV,  81.  XV,  75:   "Oil  of  the  10  ka  tax  taken  away,  zi-ga. 

It  belonged  to  Dispu-Ekur."  This  is  not  necessarily  a  pay-roll. 
The  temple  may  have  held  oil  belonging  to  this  man  and  carried 
on  business  with  it.  XV,  80:  Perhaps  a  pay-roll.  L.  10,  "A^i- 
bani  u-se-en-ni  11^,  sanft"  (cf.  XIV,  5,  1.  2).  L.  11,  mas-sar- 
tum  sa  i-na  ku-ri-e-ti  tab-ku.  For  kuretu  cf.  II  R.,  60,  17. 
XV,  81:    cf.  73.  XV,  83:  "Payments  made  by  Restusu,  for 

the  temple(?),  through  Sin-res."  XV,  90:  ^®  har-ra,  some 
form  of  prepared  grain,  not  "grain  at  interest."  L.  42,  mas- 
sar-tum,   see   p.  45.  XV,  92:    payments,  including  "wages 

of  7  women,"  1.  10.  XV,  94:  ^Junubi  receives  grain  for  mak- 

ing payments,  including  some  to  soldiers.  L.  2,  ^®  bal,  see 
p.  25.  XV,  95;    XV,  103:    salaries,   and   1.    10,    wagon-hire. 

XV,  105:  see  ku-kar.  XV,  119;  XV,  122:  payments  of  salary, 

interest,  and  for  conducting  the  business  of  the  storehouse,  ni- 
ki-is  kari.  Nikis  seems  to  be  a  word  similar  in  meaning  to 
nikasu,  "business;"  cf.  XV,  42,  14;  73,  17;  130,  8;  150,  14, 
etc.  LI.  6,  8,  ^=  gal,  a  grain;  cf.  XV,  131,  7.  XV,  127;  XV, 
130;  XV,  132:  L.  10,  a-tak-na,  meaning  not  clear.  L.  11, 
"payment  (kurmatu)  for  10  ox  hides,  to  the^^^^^SA."  This  is 
the  dealer  in  hides,  bones,  sinews,  etc.  SA  =  buanu,  gidatu. 
XV,  133:  "payments  to  two  patesis."  For  the  grains  see  above. 
XV,  1.35:  "Payments  made  by  Innannu  at  Kar-Adab  to  the 
rikku  official,"  etc.  L.  6:  "for  the  house  of  Innannu  at  Nip- 
pur." L.  7:  "ki-mu  har-ra  for  the  storehouse  of  the  palace 
Nunakte  brought  to  Kar-Astabbakantuk."         XV,  136 ;  XV,  140: 


Temple  Documents  from  the  Cassite  Pebiod  45 

payments  of  different  kinds  of  flour  to  Erba-Marduk ;  ef.  p.  27. 
"as-an-na  flour,  white  flour,  mi-ir-ku  flour."  L.  9:  in-sar 
"  he  wrote  it  (  ? ) ; "  cf .  XIV,  156,  8 ;  159,  19.  XV,  176 ;  XV, 
179;  XIV,  59:  payments  of  grain,  rent,  etc.  XIV,  113:  pay- 
ments of  salaries,  horse-fodder,  arrears  in  wages,  etc. 

It  will  be  noticed  that  many  of  the  above  documents  are  not 
strictly  pay-rolls.  They  were  inserted  here  because  they  are  in 
part  such.  They  might  equally  well  have  been  discussed  under 
the  following: 

4.  Payments  for  miscellaneous  purposes. — XV,  6:  "The  grain 
of  the  5  ka  tax,  which  was  brought  from  the  town  Mar-Ba'li 
and  paid  out  at  Bit-Ilanuti.  2  gur,  the  price  of  an  ass,  to  Sad- 
barhu,  the  kassu;  2  gur,  the  price  of  a  chair  of  miskanna 
wood;  60  KA  for  a  pair  of  boots,  senu.  2  gur,  not  paid,  ib-kid. 
66  KA  by  the  hand  of  Pirsati  acting  as  agent  (  ?)."  For  tur-rat, 
cf.  XV,  19,  12;  39,  5;  135,  5;  XIV,  95,  6.  Perhaps  it  is  a  com- 
pound like  mar-sipri.  XV,  7:  L.  2,  li-te-ik-ku-u,  perman- 
sive,  I,  2.  L.  5,  "2  gur  by  boat."  XV,  19:  "The  grain  of  the 
6  KA  tax  which  was  brought  from  Zarat-iM  and  returned  free  of 
interest  (?),  a-na  bubuttati  turru.  The  grain  was  paid  for 
salary  and  wages,  boat-hire,  for  the  guard  of  the  great-gate,  ma- 
^ar  abulli."  XV,  28:  L.  6,  "grain  paid  as  wages  for  six 
soldiers  who  stood  guard  (?)  before  the  gate  in  the  months  Airu 
and  Siman(?)."  XV,  66;  XV,  67:  Line.  4,  "for  mas-sar- 
tum."  Here  it  seems  to  mean  wages  of  some  kind;  cf.  Muss- 
Arnolt,  DAL,  p.  612;  but  cf.  XV,  76,  "grain  of  the  full  tax 
which  was  paid  out  of  the  massarti  of  the  month  Tebitu  of  the 
year  17."     L.  4,  "1  gur,  the  price  of  a  kabri  garment;"    cf. 

XIV,  157,  84.  XV,  99;  XV,  100:  L.  4,  "seed  for  sowing(?), 
z6r    ir-sum,    three    fields,    Ijar-bu   (cf.    p.    35).  XV,  101; 

XV,  106:  L.  7,  "2  gur  77  ka  out  of  the  6  ka  tax  for  ripsu,  to 
Mannu-balu-x4.dad.  2  gur  93  ka  of  ripsu,  tiic  unpaid  ripsu, 
together  with  1  GUR  of  ripsu  paid  and  delivered  by  Mannu-balu- 
Adad."  XV,  109:  L.  3,  ••  fodder  for  fattening  oxen,  alpu  se 
(see  p.  39).  XV,  112;  XV,  115;  XV.  120;  XV,  123;  XV, 
143;  XV,  145;  XV,  152:  L.  7,  "white  oxen."  L.  10,  note  con- 
cerning mu  (cf.  p.  43):  "Nusku-ida-abul,  the  slave  of  Ninib- 
karrad,  who  is  detained,  ka-lu-u  in  the  city  IM."  L.  15,  "for 
8  months'  wages  of  the  'palace-slave'  ardu-ekalli,  from  Duzu 
to  Sabatu"-=^8  months  inclusive.  XV,  154:  L.  41,  "for  the 


46  Temple  Documents  from  the  Cassite  Period 

sak-sup-par;"  cf.  XV,  13,  4  L.  44,  si-il-lu-u;  cf.  p.  314. 
XV,  156:  L.  2,  "for  provisions  for  a  journey."  L.  10,  ku-uk- 
ku;  cf.  Muss-AvnoWs  Lexicon.  L.  22,  "shepherd  of  the  zu(?)- 
ra-ad."  L.  23,  ib-sik.  XV,  157;  XV,  160;  XV,  164;  XV, 
168:  L.  22,  a-an  is  equivalent  to  ma  and  ki-i;  cf.  Br.  11391, 
ki-i  takes  the  place  of  simu  in  some  texts,  cf.  XIV,  128a. 
XV,  169.  The  heading  of  column  5  gives  us  the  name  of  a  grain, 
ha(  ?)-ar-za-na.  XV,  170;  XV,  187:  "payments  made  out 

of  the  grain  of  Belani  by  Innannu."  This  shows  that  many  of 
these  documents  may  be  private  instead  of  temple  documents. 
XV,  192;  XV,  192a;  XV,  197:  L.  4,  "feed  for  4  teams,  gar-lal, 
brought  from  Selibi,  il-li-ku-ni."  L.  11,  "feed  for  2  teams  for 
the    plow(?),  i?KAK-KA."  XIV,    21;    XIV,   23;    XIV,    50; 

XIV,  48o;  XIV,  106a;  XIV,  1066.  XIV,  43:  "Grain  of  the 

6  KA  tax,  horse-feed  for  the  month  Tebitu.  95  ka  for  5  gar-gal, 
teams,  for  the  10th  day  (18  ka  per  team)."  For  gar-lal  cf. 
XIV,  56a  and  XIV,  12.  Probably  a  synonym  of  lal  and  ^?  lal, 
simittu.  XIV,  92;  XIV,  107:   "For  a  pilgrimage  to  Parak- 

mari;"  cf.  XIV,  148:  "2  ka  for  te-e-ni;"  cf.  DeWizsch,  HWB, 
p.   698.  XIV,   130:    L.    2,   "for  light,"  nu-ru.     This  is   an 

account  of  oil  "taken  away,"  zi-ga;  cf.  XIV,  148  and  XIV,  73, 
1.  14.  XIV,  133:   Probably  a  list  of  grain  or  sheep  payments 

for  sacrifices,  ginti  and  nike,  in  different  temples.  L.  2  men- 
tions Ekur;  1.  7,  Parak-mari,  for  the  sacrifices  there;  cf.  XIV,  148. 
XIV,  134:  cf.  Introduction  to  XIV,  p.  3.  XIV,  138;  XV,  200. 

Mostly  taken  up  with  payments  of  salaries.  Col.  6,  1.  1,  ki-is- 
bu  u  ri-im-ku,  "for  libations  to  the  dead"(?). 

XIV,  148:  The  first  line  is  perhaps  to  be  restored  to  gis-bar- 
sE-BA  and  translated  "grain  from  the  wages-tax,  grain  from  the 
5  KA  tax,  sesame,  names."  Under  these  headings  are  put  the 
amounts  of  grain  given  for  the  temples,  etc.,  which  make  up  the 
last  column.  These  temples,  or  rather  temple  and  shrines,  are: 
E-kur;  E-ki-ur,  cf.  Br.  9739,  and  Zimmern,  BBE,  I,  p.  8;  E-su- 
ME-Du;  E-'iNusku;  E-**Adad;  Mar-™Sum-mu-lji  (the  persons 
whose  names  follow  the  temple  names  were  no  doubt  the  agents 
of  these  temples);  E-^Sin;  E-^Ea;  E-^Gula;  E-^nin-ib  ( ?); 
E-'^KA-MA-Ni-su,  cf.  5r.  705,  ^Ka-ma-ni-zi ;  E-'iNergal;  E-'^Mar- 
duk;  E-*^Samas;  E-'^un-gal  (of)  Nippur  (correctly  given  by 
Clay,  XV,  p.  56,  under  "Deities,"  and  not  to  be  changed  into 
kar-gal,  as  Hilprecht  has  attempted  to  do  in  BE,  XX,  Part  1, 


Temple  Documents  from  the  Cassite  Period  47 

p.  18).  There  is  no  context  which  would  permit  a  translation  of 
su-bu-la-tum  from  wabalu  of  1.  1(5.  LI.  18ff.:  "for  ofPerings 
in  E-'i UN-GAL  (of)  Nippur  [cf.  above,  1.  14]  E-'»Gula,  E-^»Adad." 
LI.  21-23,  25,  26(?),  27:  "for  offerings  to  Istar,  Adad,  gamas, 
Gula,  NiN-SAR,  Marduk,  Nusku,  and  Sin."  The  meaning  of  u-Ri 
after  the  names  of  these  divinities  is  not  clear;  cf.  perhaps, 
Br.  604().  L.  24  is  not  clear,  but  is  not  to  be  restored  to  nikti, 
etc.,  unless  the  scribe  made  the  mistake.  The  tablet  clearly  reads 
gu-ga-bi,  etc.  L.  28:  "for  offerings  to  Samas  of  Dtir-Ninib." 
L.  29:  "for  a  kid."  LI.  31  ff.:  ^'payments  at  Parak-mari  [cf. 
XIV,  133,  3,  6  and  Bi\  6900]  to  Mar-Burra-Sali  for  a  horse;  to 
Mar-Iluki  for  ditto."  For  ni-pi  cf.  ni-pi-sum  (tak),  a  vessel 
used  in  incantations;  XV,  21,  29  (p.  40,  above).  LI.  36  ff.,  a 
note,  "from  the  21st  of  Sabatu  to  the  30tli  of  Adar  ^  ka  per 
day."  L.  42,  "for  a  horse  of  an  udie;"  cf.  p.  35.  L.  43, 
"of  the  sir'ibisu  of  the  king;"  cf.  XIV,  98,  11,  for  "siribi." 
L.  44,  "for  light  (?),  nu-ri"  (cf.  XIV,  73,  14)  of  the  king. 
L.  45,  "for  light  of  our  temple  (house)."  L.  46,  "for  the  king." 
L.  47,  "for  our  house."  L.  48,  "for  sani  of  the  smith  a-ra-bi 
ki  u  sil(ki)."  L.  49,  "for  sani  of  the  smith  a."  L.  50,  "for 
silki;"  cf.  Muss-Arnolt,  DAL,  p.  763,  Mangold?  L.  51,  "for 
honey,  mu-ut-ta-ki."  L.  52,  "for  ku  (  ?) -ub-ri-ti."  L.  53, 
"for  mar-su-ti."     L.  54,  Marat-Na'suti. 

IV.       miscellaneous    DOCUMENTS 

XIV,  4:  an  omen-tablet;  cf.  Clay,  Light  on  the  Old  Testament 
from  Babel,  p.  312.  XIV,  12:  From  such  words  as  gar-lal 
(cf.  above,  p.  41)  and  pi^at  this  obscure  document  seems  to 
have  to  do  with  sheep  or  cattle.  The  personal  names  are  Cassite. 
XIV,  73:  L.  2,  "for  the  ab-ta-rum,"  an  official  ( ?) ;  1.  3,  "for 
the  ki-du-u,"  another  official  (?).  XIV,  120:   A  list  of  men 

and  their  occupations:  L.  23  gives  the  total  of  the  foregoing 
amel-batti,  "spear-bearers"  (?);  in  addition,  6  NU-si.  Perhaps 
"the  man  of  the  front,"  p&nu,  mahru;  cf.  nu-ab,  nisakku,  Br. 
1979,  and  nu-gis-sar.  XIV,  128:  "Wool  (bu-ku-nu)  which 
is  due  from  (?)  the  year  of  accession,  inspected,  bi-i-tfi  i"  the 
month  Simanu,  year  1."  XIV,  140:    "2  gur  108  Ka  duh-bu 

belonging  to  L^bburi,  which  Ninib-b6l-aplu  used  for  conducting 
his  business,  ta   (ana)    nikasasu   ipsu   ukln."  XIV,  142. 

XIV,   150:   dimetum;  cf.  Muss-Arnolt,  DAL,  p.  256.        XIV, 


48  Temple  Documents  from  the  Cassite  Period 

163:  a  list  of  wooden  articles,  jars  of  seed,  vegetables,  etc. 
Whether  given  to  the  temple  or  received  from  it,  is  uncertain. 
L.  13,  "  .  .  .  .  kan-da-as,  for  si-'-tum  (las.)  and  as  (dil)- 
lum;"  cf.  11.  14,  15,  21.  L.  14,  ersu;  cf.  1.  21.  L.  15,  i? 
luluppi;  cf.  Br.  11414;  Muss-Arnolt,  BAL,  p.  482.  L.  16,  su- 
bu-ur-tum;  cf.  pi.  of  same  word,  1.  18.  L.  17,  kas  gis-dub-na. 
L.18,"totall8  .  .  .  .Pinu-ur-bi;"cf.l.23,"adi2su-ub-bu-ra- 
tum."  L.  19,  "1  bed  a-ma-ra-tum,  a-am;"  cf.  Br.  11486,  7;  adi  1 
immeru  ?  t1  ^?  TU-u.  L.  20,  "a  tablet  of  miskanna  wood, 
si-'-tum  pi-ti-il-tum;  pitiltum  is  a  cord,  but  the  connection 
here  is  not  clear.  LI.  19  and  20  evidently  go  together,  as  is  seen 
from  the  total,  and  the  dittos  a-am  of  11.  21  and  22  which  refer  to 
1.19.  L.  23,  "total  3  beds,  i?nu-ur-bi."  L.  31,  i?kip-pa-tum; 
cf.  Muss-Arnolt,  DAL,  p.  424.  L.  32,  "12  vessels  (sappu)  of 
oil."  L.  34,  probably,  "total  x  Nur-gamas."  L.  38,  "2  posts 
(dimmu)."  L.  39,  '?ad-du;  cf.  Br.  4177  ff.  L.  40,  "1  tallu- 
vessel  of  pikandi.  L.  41,  "2  tallu- vessels  of  seed  of  (?)." 
L.  42,  "3  tallu- vessels  of  provisions  for  the  god  of  the  stream 
(?),  besides  1^  .  .  .  ."  L.  43,  "1  tallu-vessel  of  seed  of  the 
edu;"  cf.  DAL,  p.  19.  L.  44,  "1  stitu-vessel  of  a-si-i  plants." 
L.  45,  "1  tallu-vessel  of  zibu-plants;"  cf.  DAL,  p.  273.  L.  46, 
"a?  KU-KU-BU-vessels  of  clean  (  ?)  seed,°^^KU-KU-BU;"Z)J.Z/,  p,  378, 
"a  measure  of  oil."  It  does  not  follow  that  such  a  specific  mean- 
ing is  to  be  assigned  to  this  word  because  the  context  in  TA, 
(London),  5,  25,  speaks  of  oil.  The  word  is  more  general. 
L.  48,  "1  tallu-vessel  of  buluppi;"  cf.  Br.  11854.  L.  50, 
"■X  KU-KU-BU-vessels  of  ^ami-plants;"  cf.  DAL,  p.  320.  L.  51, 
"ic  sutu-vessels  of  la-am  be-lum." 

The  following  difficult  texts  deal  with  metals :  XV,  13 :  "^  mana 
of  zag-SA  for  the  covering  (?)  ba-til  of  a  chariot,  Erbatum  the 
saksuppar  received  from  Martuku."  XIV,  121:  "10|  shekels 
of  dark  gold,  hurasl  sami,  weighed  out  for  a  cup  [cf.  sappu] 
by  Marduk-sar-ilani.  ^  shekel,  the  remainder,  (leavings  from  the 
working)  of  the  gold,  Zakirum  receives  for  pay."  zi-ba-a-ti, 
plural  of  sibtu,   "interest,"    etc.,    here   "pay."  XIV,    122: 

"^  shekel  of  gold  from  Marduk-mukinnu,  li  shekels  of  gold  from 
the  master  of  the  house,  bel-biti,  total  3  shekels  of  gold,  for  pay 
for  making  a  cup  of  10|  shekels,  22i  she  of  gold,  Zakirum 
received."  XIV,  63:  "i  al-lu  ba-dil  [cf.  XV,  13  above]  for 
ka-ra    gal-du     (strong  .  .  .  .   )    of    su-si-ri(?).     Mar-Kalbi 


Temple  Documents  from  the  Cassite  Period  49 

received."  XV,  172:    "^  al-lu  ba-dil;  B  ka  of  oil;  1  mana 

of  ornaments,  sindu;  1  mana  of  zag-sa;  1  mana  of  zag-lu  ;  1  mana 
of  bronze;  3  ox-hides;  ku-kar  is-si,  paid  for  wood(  ?)."  XIV,  9a; 
"10  bronze  bolts,  2  mana  18  shekels  in  weight,  sa-gal-lum"  (cf. 
ZK,  II,  32-1).  XIV,  124:  "3^  mana  of  weighed  bronze,  1  mana, 
10  shekels,  etc.,  total  11  mana,  5  shekels  of  bronze  belonging  to 
the  'house  of  the  seal  of  the  palace,'  the  palace  'library,'  su-us-si 
su-za-a."  The  meaning  of  "4  gir-rat  ....  ,"  1.  9,  is  not  clear. 
L.  10,  "1  ki-bir-ri  2|  ni  .  .  .  .  ;"  1.  11,  "u-di-e  sa  barrftni, 
equipment  for  the  road;"  so  perhaps  also  1.  13,  si-ri-in-na-tum 
sa  barrftni.  L.  K),  "for  the  equipment  (i-kar-ti,  lit.  'decora- 
tion') of  the  king's  chariot."  XIV,  123rt;  Bronze  paid  out  for 
different  purposes.  L.  8,  bi-in-du;  cf.  Strassmaier,  Nhk.,  10,2. 
L.  12,  "14  shekels  kA  (cf.  XV,  78),  2  mana  ki  ?  li  gam-ru." 
XIV,  149:  "1  ma[na  ....  besides,  2  shekels  in  zig6  Iba-si- 
nu,  'ax,'  besides  6  shekels  ditto."  L.  5,  "for  a  present,  a-na  ni- 
di-it- ti."  XIV:  "Oil  of  the  wages  tax  for,  literally  of  bi-ri- 
ti  11  ba-ru-ti."  Have  these  words  to  do  with  the  Becherwahr- 
sagung  of  the  barti?  Cf.  XIV,  156,  oil  a-na  bi-ri-ti.  The 
reading  of  1.  2  (cf.  XIV,  155)  is  not  clear. 


Pai  ifO'^^^\^^^^ 


VITA 

I,  Daniel  David  Luckenbill,  was  born  June  21,  1881,  in  Berks 
County,  Pennsylvania.  My  father,  Rev.  B.  F.  Luckenbill,  is  a 
minister  of  the  gospel  in  the  Reformed  Church  in  the  United 
States.  My  early  education  was  received  in  the  public  schools  of 
my  native  state.  In  1899  I  graduated  from  Lehigh,  now  Beth- 
lehem, Preparatory  School,  and  entered  the  College  Department 
of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania.  I  graduated  from  this  insti- 
tution with  the  degree  of  A.B.  in  1903.  Immediately  after 
graduation  I  took  up  post-graduate  work  in  the  Semitic  languages 
at  the  same  university,  having  been  appointed  Harrison  scholar 
in  Semitics  for  the  year  1903-4.  Later  I  was  appointed 
Harrison  fellow  in  Semitics  for  the  years  1904-6.  My  studies 
were  pursued  under  Professors  Jastrow,  Clay,  Hilprecht,  Lamber- 
ton,  and  Dr.  Ranke.  I  continued  my  study  of  Egyptology  under 
Professor  Erman  at  the  University  of  Berlin  during  the  summer 
semester  of  1905.  In  the  summer  of  1906  I  entered  the  Uni- 
versity of  Chicago,  having  been  appointed  fellow  in  Semitics  for 
the  year  1906-7.  Here  I  devoted  my  time  to  Egyptology  under 
Professor  Breasted,  and  Assyriology  under  Professor  Harper. 

I  desire,  in  this  place,  to  express  my  sincere  gratitude  to  all 
my  teachers,  and  especially  to  Professors  Clay,  Jastrow,  and 
Harper. 


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